Suchergebnisse

The aim of the research is to classify the European Union (EU) countries based on the progress in the economic performance of agriculture. The originality of the paper stems from the fact that a new set of indicators (in relative form) was used to identify the clusters. The following indicators are used to assess the economic performance of the EU agricultural sector (by cluster analysis) for two periods (2015–2017 and 2018–2020): total labor force input, real income of factors in agriculture per annual work unit, total agricultural output, gross value added of the agricultural industry, and animal output. The study confirmed that EU countries, according to changes in agricultural performance, differ significantly. They were grouped into four relatively homogeneous clusters according to their similarity, with a clear geographical dispersion for both analyzed periods. Identifying development disparities between EU countries can be useful in future redesigns of the Common Agricultural Policy measures in terms of increased support to certain members. ; Celem badań jest klasyfikacja krajów Unii Europejskiej (UE) na podstawie postępu w wynikach ekonomicznych w rolnictwie. Oryginalność artykułu wynika z faktu, że do identyfikacji klastrów zastosowano nowy zestaw wskaźników (w postaci względnej). Do oceny wyników ekonomicznych sektora rolnego UE (poprzez analizę klastrów) dla dwóch okresów (2015–2017 i 2018–2020) stosuje się następujące wskaźniki: całkowity nakład siły roboczej, rzeczywisty dochód czynników w rolnictwie na roczną jednostkę pracy, produkcja rolna ogółem, wartość dodana brutto przemysłu rolnego oraz produkcja zwierzęca. Badanie potwierdziło, że kraje UE znacznie się różnią pod względem zmian wyników rolniczych. Zostały one pogrupowane w cztery stosunkowo jednorodne klastry według podobieństwa, z wyraźnym rozproszeniem geograficznym dla obu analizowanych okresów. Identyfikacja dysproporcji rozwojowych pomiędzy krajami UE może być przydatna w przyszłych przekształceniach środków wspólnej polityki rolnej pod kątem zwiększonego wsparcia dla niektórych członków.

An important characteristic of the modern business world is the development of the knowledge economy. In modern conditions, intangible assets based on knowledge are becoming a key resource for preserving the competitive advantage of companies. It is about human resources, their knowledge, the relationships they build in order to develop and transfer knowledge, as well as the relationships they build with stakeholders. These relationships represent the relational capital of the company, and the reputation of the company is its important segment. Reputation is also an important factor in differentiating companies at the market and creating a relationship of trust, not only with consumers, but also with all other stakeholders. In this way, the company realizes significant economic and non-economic benefits. The aim of the paper is to point out the key advantages of a good reputation, from the aspect of creating value for the company 's stakeholders, as well as from the aspect of business performance. Also, the importance of reputation as a segment of intellectual capital for competitiveness is emphasized.

The aim of the research is to examine the degree of competitiveness of the agri-food sector of the Republic of Serbia on the market of the European Union (EU) countries, as the most significant export market. Two partial indices were used in the analysis: the net trade index (NTI) and the Grubel-Lloyd index (GLI). In addition to these indicators, unit export and import price analysis was also used to obtain data on the type of competitiveness achieved by the divisions of the agri-food sector. The results show that the cereals division makes the highest contribution to reducing the existing trade deficit, while the high values of the GLI reflect a high degree of integration with this market. The agri-food sector shows dominant price competitiveness in terms of the share of such divisions in total exports to the EU. The results will include recommendations for improving the structure of exports by focusing on specific divisions.

Technological readiness is an important determinant of the economic and social development in recent decades. Therefore, technological readiness has a substantial impact on the global competitiveness of national economies in the contemporary business environment. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the level of Serbian economy competitiveness in terms of technological readiness and to identify the critical factors for its further development. The analysis is based on the data published by World Economic Forum in annual The Global Competitiveness Reports in the period from 2013 to 2017. The research is conducted through comparative analysis and benchmarking method. The results show significant deviations and negative trend of technological readiness of Serbia in comparison not only with European countries but even with Balkan countries. The conclusions of this research may serve as the directions for technological readiness policy makers in Serbia and other Balkan countries. ; Tehnološka spremnost predstavlja važnu determinantu ekonomskog i društvenog razvoja poslednjih decenija. Stoga, tehnološka spremnost značajno utiče na globalnu konkurentnost nacionalnih ekonomija u savremenom poslovnom okruženju. Cilj ovog rada je da utvrdi nivo konkurentnosti privrede Srbije u pogledu tehnološke spremnosti i da identifikuje kritične faktore za njen budući razvoj. Analiza se zasniva na podacima Svetskog ekonomskog foruma, objavljenim u godišnjim Izveštajima o globalnoj konkurentnosti u periodu od 2013. do 2017. godine. Istraživanje je realizovano primenom komparativne analize i metode benčmarkinga. Rezultati su pokazali značajna odstupanja i negativan trend tehnološke spremnosti Srbije ne samo u poređenju sa evropskim zemljama, već i sa balkanskim zemljama. Zaključci ovog istraživanja mogu poslužiti kao smernice donosiocima odluka u oblasti politike razvoja tehnološke spremnosti Srbije i drugih balkanskih zemalja.

Mobile telecommunications markets across the world are characterized by a modest number of suppliers and a large number of subscribers. Nevertheless, the degree of market concentration varies from country to country. The purpose of this paper is to establish a methodological framework for measuring and analysing market concentration in the mobile telecommunications market in Serbia. The degree of market concentration is calculated using the annual data for the period 2009-2014. The research is made by applying a set of statistical-mathematical methods for measuring market concentration, comparative analysis and descriptive statistics. The analysis finds that mobile telecommunications market in Serbia is highly concentrated and that the degree of concentration exceeds the average of European Union member states. The study is useful to Serbian authorities such as Commission for the Protection of Competition and Regulatory Agency for Electronic Communications and Postal Services, providing significant findings of structural features of the mobile telecommunications market in Serbia. ; Tržišta mobilnih telekomunikacija širom sveta karakteriše skorman broj ponuđača i veliki broj pretplatnika. Ipak, stepen tržišne koncentracije varira od zemlje do zemlje. Svrha ovog rada jeste utvrđivanje metodološkog okvira za merenje i analiziranje tržišne koncentracije na tržištu mobilnih telekomunikacija u Srbiji. Stepen tržišne koncentracije je izračunat korišćenjem godišnjih podataka za period 2009-2014. godina. Istraživanje se vrši primenom skupa statističko-matematičkih metoda za merenje tržišne koncentracije, komparativne analize i deskriptivne statistike. Analiza otkriva da je tržište mobilnih telekomunikacija u Srbiji visoko koncentrisano i da stepen koncentracije premašuje prosek zemalja članica Evropske unije. Rad je koristan državnim organima Srbije, kao što su Komisija za zaštitu konkurencije i Regulatorna agencija za elektronske komunikacije i poštansku delatnost, jer pruža značajne rezultate strukturnih karakteristika ...

Innovations, as a determinant of competitiveness, are one of the fundamental presuppositions for the economic prosperity of every country and the well-being of the population. The creators of the development policies need adequate information relating to all vital determinants of competitiveness, including innovations, in order to formulate effective policies and strategies. Therefore, the World Economic Forum (WEF) annually prepares and presents the Global Competitiveness Report. Thus, based on the information from the WEF reports, the paper explores changes in the level of competitiveness of Serbia (measured by the Global Competitiveness Index - GCI) for the period from 2009 to 2014, in comparison with other Western Balkan countries. Also, an in-depth analysis of the competitiveness of Serbia is carried out in the subindex 'Innovation and sophistication factors' as a component of the GCI, considering that in 2014 this subindex for Serbia recorded the lowest value compared with other two subindexes within the GCI ('Basic Requirements' and 'Efficiency Enhancers'), and also with other Western Balkan countries. Therefore, there is a need for urgent and significant improvements in the field of innovations as a relevant factor of the GCI in order to improve Serbia's position in the world's rankings of competitiveness, but also Serbia's position in relation to the more successful countries in the Western Balkans. The goal of the analysis in this paper is to identify the position of Serbia in comparison with other Western Balkan countries in terms of overall competitiveness, and especially in the field of innovation and business sophistication factors as the determinants of the achieved level of national competitiveness. The methods used in this research are the following: descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and benchmarking. The research results show that Serbia has in the aforementioned period achieved an unenviable level of competitiveness. This research can be useful for the creators of development policy for future guidance of the economic and social development of Serbia.

One of the main objectives pursued in agriculture as the primary sector in the economy is to increase the labour productivity. In order for this objective to be achieved, it is necessary to increase agricultural production, while at the same time preserve natural resources and the environment. If the creators of development policies are to formulate effective policies and strategies, adequate information relating to all vital determinants of productivity of agriculture is required. Therefore, the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia annually prepares and publishes, among others, information on the value of agricultural production and the number of employees in agriculture. The aim of this paper is to examine the changes in the level of productivity of agriculture in the Republic of Serbia in the period from 2007 to 2013. It also analyses the impact of labour productivity in agriculture in the share of GDP that is realized in this sector of the national economy. Agricultural population, as one of the factors that affect productivity in agriculture is analysed in terms of education and employment. The aim is to quantify the level of productivity in agriculture, as well as to examine the interdependence between labour productivity and GDP in agriculture, in order to point to the critical determinants of productivity that require improvement. The methods used in this paper are: analysis method, synthesis method, comparison method, descriptive statistics, correlation and regression analysis. Research results show that Serbia has achieved an unenviable level of labour productivity in agriculture within the analysed period of time. Research in this study is useful for the creators and holders of the development policy for the future guidance of development policies and strategies of the agricultural sector in Serbia.

Many successful enterprises have identified a large significance of non-economic determinants of business and their influence on competitive success. Social responsible behaviour becomes an imperative of modern business environment. Corporate social responsibility emphasizes more effective environmental and social performance management so that its influence on financial performance becomes more and more obvious. In that sense, the aim of this paper is to point out the theoretical foundations of the Sustainability Balanced Scorecard (SBS) concept, and to demonstrate an example of enterprise, which will show how to develop SBS in the aim of its successful application.

Contemporary trade flows increasingly take place via foreign direct investment flows, consequently we can no longer analyze them only classically, and through the prism of the existing methodology and statistic coverage. Therefore, the purpose of the paper is to point out the need for the new approach to trade flows and their coverage. The research has led to the setting up of a proposal for the new trade coverage, which, by including the primary trading channel, complements the existing, classic approach to trade flows and leads to more realistic trade picture. Only a real picture of trade flows may be adequate guidance to the economic and trade policy makers of the country in conducting these policies and making adequate strategic trade decisions.

TThe aim of the paper is to examine the interdependence of the selected indicators from the Global Competitiveness Report and the Innovation pillar, which is used as a proxy indicator of the science competitiveness. This relationship is analyzed within the sample of 9 countries. The analysis uses available information sources in WEFs annual reports. The key contribution of this paper consists in providing clearer into factors competitiveness in the analyzed countries and pointing out the priority actions for the authorities to improve and increase the competitiveness level of science, and its contribution to the national economy competitiveness level. The research results can serve policy makers in shaping strategies and policies for the competitiveness improvement and the future of economic development in the analyzed countries. ; Cilj rada je da se ispita međuzavisnost analiziranih indikatora Svetskog ekonomskog foruma (SEF) i stuba Inovativnost koji se koristi kao pokazatelj konkurentnosti nauke. Ovaj odnos je analiziran u uzorku od 9 zemalja. U analizi su korišćeni raspoloživi izvori informacija o kategorijama koje su predmet opservacije. Ključni doprinos ovog rada sastoji se u pružanju jasnijeg uvida u faktore u oblasti nauke koji smanjuju konkurentnost u odabranim zemalja i ukazivanju na prioritetne aktivnosti nadležnih državnih organa u cilju unapređenja i podizanja nivoa konkurentnosti nauke i privrede. Rezultati istraživanja mogu da posluže kreatorima javnih politika u formiranju strategije i politike unapređenja konkurentnosti i budućeg razvoja privrede u analiziranim zemljama.

Abstract
Intellectual capital (IC) is one of the core determinants of the value of companies, and value creation for stakeholders as well as improvement of the competitiveness of the companies. Effective management of all visible and invisible elements of the total IC is extremely important for business success, since the effective providing, creating, developing and efficient use of intellectual resources affects various business performances, such as income, market share, net profit, and profitability of the company quantified by various performance measures of Return on assets (ROA) and Return on equity (ROE). One part of the total IC is disclosed and visible in the assets side of the balance sheet (Intellectual assets and Goodwill - Iag), while the other, is undisclosed and invisible (Human capital - Hc and Structural and relational capital - SRc). Efficiency in the usage of all these elements of IC has an impact on profitability. The purpose of this research (based on 12 leading companies in the automotive industry from 2010 to 2019) is to examine the interdependence, as well as the influence, of the Efficiency in the use of Intangible assets and goodwill (Eiag) on various rations of ROA and ROE using the EIC (the Efficiency of Intellectual Capital) model for calculation of the Eiag indicator. Although there are numerous studies that use the VAIC methodology to research the interdependence and impact of the efficiency of certain elements of IC on business performance, as well as, in particular, on profitability, the originality of this paper is based on an investigation of the interdependence and influence of Eiag on profitability (ROA and ROE), which is not the case with the studies of other researchers so far, because Pulić's VAIC methodology does not separate the visible IC component i.e. Iag. The outcomes of this study confirm a positive relationship between the efficiency in the use of intangible assets and goodwill (Eiag) and profitability (ROA and ROE), as well as the growing impact of Eiag on profitability indicators (ROA and ROE). The findings imply the extreme importance of effective and efficient management of all elements of intellectual assets that are visible on the assets side of the balance sheet, taking into account the evident impact on profitability.