Suchergebnisse

The subject of this article are basic questions within the range of civil law. They concern the general position of a human and legal people in the sphere of this law on Polish territory, which was incorporated into the Third Reich. The position of individuals, the citizens of II RP, under the occupation of the Third Reich in years 1939–1945, is analysed by the author not from the perspective of literal meaning of regulations of general part of Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (BGB) from 1896, but from the perspective of their specific interpretation, congruent with strategic and ideological purposes of the Nazi regime.
In the article, the following issues are touched upon in turn: 1) personal law in terms of classical civil law contra national-socialist regime; 2) racism towards civil rights of a subjective individual; 3) elimination of the Jews from the legal relationships of civil law; 4) difficulties in the sphere of access to certain professions for Polish people and some restrictions upon personal rights; 5) the dependence of possibilities of exercising the private personal right on the consent to denationalization; 6) ban concerning getting married and the right to motherhood and fatherhood; 7) legislation of sterilisation and euthanasia.
The formal changes in the legislation which were in force in the Third Reich — except for personal and family law (as well as legal rules connected with it regarding health protection of offspring), and "peasant law" (Bauernrecht) — were not significant, as is proved by the author. The old legal order was reversed in the Third Reich due to its new interpretation: classical concepts and legal institutions were filled with a different content.
After the formal extension of BGB to territories incorporated into the Reich, which followed the decree of 25 September 1941 introducing German civil law, these territories became a field of social-political and racial-nationalist experiments, which in fact had a little in common with the German Civil Code's regulations. A principle of equal access to private subjective rights was respected only in case of German people, i.a. the part which passively gave up to indoctrination. In relation to Jews, racism spoiled in this case the idea and concept of private subjective rights.

Autor na podstawie dwóch wpisów z dawnych ksiąg sądowych pokazuje średniowieczny wymiar sprawiedliwości na tle ówczesnego ustroju, w którym niektóre grupy społeczne sądzone były wedle prawa polskiego, a inne z kolei – wedle praw zachodniej Europy. Pokazuje to, że Polska w średniowieczu leżała na pograniczu różnych kultur prawnych. Lakoniczność wpisów nie pozwala niestety ustalić rzeczywistych wartości przedmiotów sporu.

The author presents the rules of suffrage that were binding in Zweites Reich (The Second Reich), that is the German Empire, during elections to provincial self-government in Prussia and then compares them with the new election law implemented in the Weimar Republic (Weimarer Republik). In this way it is possible to establish the degree of potential changes that influenced the personal composition of provincial parliaments. Upon the analysis of the given lists of deputies it clearly follows that a revolution took place in Germany in November 1918: up to that time the Members of Parliament had represented the elites of the Second Reich, recruiting from, among others, aristocrats, the nobility, state administration officials, municipal elites, high mayors, mayors, other officials of municipal councils and industrialist elites. The majority of these people in Weimar Republic were replaced by party activists, which resulted from the new electoral law.

The situation of medieval knights holding the office of governors – heads of villages – was not exceptional. The Gryfits from Lesser Poland were one of this kind of family. The author has occupied himself with the history of this House for some time, paying attention especially to matters connected with the recognition of the Gryfits and the Houses of Lisowie and Wierzbnowie as Pomeranian princes, and all of them as the second branch of the dynasty ruling in Poland. In this publication, profiles of chosen members of the family, ones who served the office of governors in different contexts, are described. Each of the above-mentioned examples presents a different situation, for instance: when a knight could attain an influential position at the royal court, yet the titular office was burdened with specific circumstances. First he was the plenipotentiary of the governor's wife, then after the governor's death (in rather mysterious circumstances), he became the husband to the widow and took over the late Governor's post. Still, this is – as it seems – the timeless problem of sentiment, faithfulness and betrayal. Thus, succession and transferability of the Governor's office was also thoroughly discussed.

Albert Hesse was one of the most eminent German professors of economic law and statistics. He was educated at the University Hale-Wittenberg, but spent most of his life, as a researcher in Wroclaw (1921–1945). In the period of Weimar Republic, he became one of the most prominent specialists, in his fields of research. He was engaged in various activities, connect ed with international organisations and on the forum of the League of Nations. What is more, he was also, initially, a worker, and then the co-director of East Europe Institute in Wroclaw, though in 1933, after the Nazis had taken over the power, he lost this position. The time of the Third Reich, was the beginning of Hesse's end as a researcher as threads of the national socialist ideology appeared more and more often in his academic work, which contributed to a decline in his prestige. Nonetheless, there was no solid evidence of his possible harmfulness to anybody, which allowed him to continue teaching in the postwar Germany.

The author presents the evolution of the authority established in Prussia in 1824, within the polity boundaries of the country, following the defeat suffered by Prussia in the war with Napoleon. The presentation of Landtag which was functioning in Silesia is the starting point to make a comparison between this institution and others which were established on the parallel basis in other Prussian provinces. Differences and similarities between them are shown.

The article includes excerpts of briefly discussion on two memoirs from journeys through Turkey which took place in the 1920s. Their authors were: Wanda Melcer-Rutkowska, vel Sztekkerowa, and Tadeusz Vetulani. They visited Istanbul, Ankara and other places between 1925 and 1929. Their opinions about the country (administration, economy, education, culture etc.) and Turkish people (e.g. hospitality, hygiene) were characterized in published memoirs. The subjects of comparison were opinions on a few areas of everyday life in Turkey such as: political and administrative relations, economy, education, towns and villages, morals and attire, hygiene, attitude of Turkish citizens towards the Poles and the history. It appeared that Melcer-Rutkowska's opinions were based on Western European standards, which resulted in her critical views. On the other side, Vetulani characterised himself as a sincere devotee of beautiful Turkey and as a friend of its nation.

ESSENTIAL MANIFESTATIONS OF INTERFERENCE IN SUBJECTIVE RIGHTS OF PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS BY THE THIRD REICHThe article analyzes the most important manifestations of limitation of subjective rights of private individuals by the Third Reich. The authors begin the article by undermining by the national socialist regime one of the fundamental principles, which is equality before the law. Then, the au­thors analyze the violations of particulars individual rights of private individuals.The purpose of the authors is to demonstrate that the self-reliance of aperson Eigenständig­keit has ceased to be an essential element of private law in the national socialist legal order. The sphere in which the subject of law could freely regulate the legal situation created by acts of his will, became clearly restricted. But also, and even more specifically, the sphere of traditionally protected civil rights of private individuals has fallen. The interference of the national socialist regime in the sphere of human privacy followed by changes both in civil and in public law. The existence of a for­mal legal basis was supposed to exclude the unlawfulness of the behavior of the subjects of the law, especially the state, its organs and institutions, but in the light of the idea ofthe law of the civilized nations it was "statutory lawlessness".

Pierwotna wersja arykułu została wygłoszona w formie referatu podczas: 5th International Conference on Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Libraries 4 - 7 June 2013, "La Sapienza" University, Rome Italy. Artykuł złożono do druku u organizatora konferencji. ; This article analyses some visual artifacts which are using by libraries. Due to the spaciousness of the topic they focused on two of the main and popular artifacts: the watchwords and the logos of libraries from two cultural areas, the first area of several countries connected with Muslim culture and being under the influence of such traditions. Among described institutions are libraries from e.g. Turkey, Kuwait, and Kazakhstan. Second area are countries that belonged to the Soviet sector of domination, such as Poland, Lithuania, Croatia, Russia and Ukraine. The mentioned countries are entirely different from historical, cultural and the political point of view. But now all of them are similar in common questions/developments: dynamic building or rebuilding economical consequence. One of the important instruments to gain this is good marketing the marketing of cultural artifacts including libraries and/or other information centers. This instrument shows a long and rich history and tradition in those countries. Comparing and finding some parallel points among these countries related to marketing and the socialization of information are main aims of this speech. In this work watchwords and logos of libraries will be explained and mentioned to compare information services, marketing library services and planning them, and will also mention the cultural differences of marketing library services among two separate cultures. Authors of this study used two scientific approaches: semiotics and diachronic method.