Suchergebnisse

The elements of the funeral culture of Ukrainian Cossack officers, the displays of preparation for the 'good' death by making wills, and the dependence of these processes on church institutions are studied in the paper. The culture of 'good dying' came to Ukraine from Europe due to belonging to the cultural space of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Orthodox Church, like the Catholic Church, did not leave a person alone with death, relieving acceptance and transition, interpreting the fokal points of the latter. An important component of the transition was the making of a will. Unlike the Polish tradition in Ukrainian legal field, there was no requirement to write down testaments to the registers of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth courts ('Aktykacya') for legal force. The document took effect immediately after its verification. Nevertheless, the Polish cultural tradition had long been traced in the everyday lives of gentry and Cossack officers' families, which tried to authorize the testaments and keep them in family archives. The funeral culture of Ukrainians depended on churches and monasteries. The everyday life of the early modern period man was associated with the church by numerous rituals, especially before and after the death. The testament was an important part of the funeral culture, the evidence of the Cossack elite attitude to death. A priest, even a few, was invited to make a testament. They were the main witnesses of the testament. Secular figures, Cossack sergeants, and the military community were also important witnesses. The military duty of the Cossacks, their participation in constant wars, made them take care not only of life in the campaign but also of death. The officers mostly made testaments before the campaign. Sometimes it was necessary to concern with making a testament on the march or just before death due to injury or illness during the campaign. Taking part in the campaign did not change too much the attitude of the Cossack officers to religious rituals. They attended divine services, sang in a separate choir during the festive liturgies, and paid their last tribute to the comrades, combining military tradition with religious rites. Thus, they cared about the 'good dying'. The dead officers were not taken home from the campaigns to the lower reaches since it was too far and troublesome. But from other campaigns, they tried to bring the bodies of colonels and senior officers home and bury according to the customs. Attitude to death, attempts to cope with it in different ways, to overcome fear, the difference of strategies of Ukrainians in this field and in various groups of society at that time and in different periods of our history are the issues that will arouse the interest of scholars for a long time. ; У статті вивчаються елементи поховальної культури української козацької старшини, прояви підготовки до «доброї» смерті шляхом укладення тестаментів, залежність цих процесів від церковних інституцій. Буденне життя людини ранньомодерної доби пов'язувалося з церквою багатьма ритуалами, особливо перед і посмертних. Ставлення до смерті, намагання у різний спосіб її освоїти, подолати страх, відмінність стратегій у цій царині українців у періоди нашої історії чи інших груп суспільства в один час – те, що є і довго буде предметом дослідження.

Information about Fedir Mykhailovych Krynytskyi, General Chancellor (1668), Hadiach Colonel (1672-1678) is analyzed in the paper. History of Ukraine of the second half of the 17th century, especially in the fields of biography study and genealogy, is full of lacunae. The studied person, despite his significant position in the Cossack government, remains a little-known personality in that period of the history of Ukraine. This makes the study relevant because its important component is the archival document introducing into scientific circulation. The goal of the paper is to collect and analyze all known sources of information and historiography about Hadiach Colonel Fedir Krynytskyi and to publish a newly found, previously unknown archival document from the Manuscript Department Fund of the Scientific Library of Polish Academy of Sciences in Krakow. Fedir Krynytskyi, before the campaign near Chyhyryn, where he was killed in 1678, left the testament and the register of estate distribution. Such practice was traditional for Cossack officers in a warring state. The testament is lost. The document, first published in this paper, is a part of the testament. This is the register of estate distribution among the heirs of the deceased Hadiach Colonel F.Krynytskyi. The register is divided into three parts, which list the assets assigned to two sons and the eldest daughter of the Colonel. Having analyzed the document, we can state that the register is incomplete. There are no parts assigned to the younger daughter and his wife (it is possible that there were several younger daughters). The register shows the Colonel's wealth and gives the opportunity to study the history of the everyday life of Cossack officers. ; В статье собрана и проанализирована, известная из разных источников и литературы, информация о Федоре Михайловиче Криницком, генеральном писаре (1668), гадяцком полковнике (1672-1678). Также опубликован ранее неизвестный архивный документ из фондов отдела рукописей Научной библиотеки Польской академии наук в Кракове. Это реестр распределения наследства погибшего полковника гадяцкого Ф.Криницкого, что является частью утерянного тестамента. ; У статті зібрано та проаналізовано, відому з різних джерел і літератури, інформацію про Федора Михайловича Криницького, генерального писаря (1668), гадяцького полковника (1672-1678). Також опубліковано раніше невідомий архівний документ із фондів відділу рукопису Наукової бібліотеки ПАН у Кракові. Це реєстр розподілу спадку загиблого полковника гадяцького Ф.Криницького, що є частиною втраченого тестаменту.

Abstract. The purpose of the research – to analyze the practices of the Ukrainian everyday life of the first quarter of the XVIIIth century based on several court documents. The methodology of the research is based on the principles of historicism, systematic, scientific, interdisciplinary approaches. The following general historical methods have been used: a historiographic analysis, a historical genetic, terminological analysis, a comparative analysis. The scientific novelty is determined by the selection of unpublished or partially published archival documents for historical analysis in order to clarify the daily practices in the Cossack environment. The strategies of solving the debt conflict by high-ranking Cossack chiefs have been elucidated. The accompanying objective economic and political circumstances of the case have been clarified, which had a significant impact on the strategies choice of the conflict participants. The Conclusions. A debt history between a high-ranking Cossack chief and Starodubskyi trader, a wealthy merchant has been analyzed. As a result, we have a general idea of the concerns of the wealthy Ukrainians at the beginning of the XVIIIth century and some problem-solving strategies. Starodubskyi middle-class merchant was steadily torn apart by the pressure of the circumstances (the need for a constant lending to trade actively, the risks involved, the changes in the Russian law and the trade policy towards Ukraine). Having considerable debts, Ya. Shyrai tried to solve his problems at the expense of creditors, denying the presence of debts. Despite referring the case to the General Military Court, P. Sylenko applied the practice of pressure by the moral authority of the church. The main document that litigated the case and described Starodubskyi residential yard, is extremely important for the history of an everyday life. Its analytical reading, together with additional sources, allows us to look into the past, to feel the intense confusion of Starodubskyi merchants, their ambiguous methods of dealing, the uncertain status of a regimental judge, who was unable to solve the problem on his own, and was forced to use tricky ways – making a will, which ran: Ya. Shyrai had to pay the debt to the monastery; a great importance of the church in the Ukrainian society at that time and the others.

Abstract. The purpose of the research – to analyze the practices of the Ukrainian everyday life of the first quarter of the XVIIIth century based on several court documents. The methodology of the research is based on the principles of historicism, systematic, scientific, interdisciplinary approaches. The following general historical methods have been used: a historiographic analysis, a historical genetic, terminological analysis, a comparative analysis. The scientific novelty is determined by the selection of unpublished or partially published archival documents for historical analysis in order to clarify the daily practices in the Cossack environment. The strategies of solving the debt conflict by high-ranking Cossack chiefs have been elucidated. The accompanying objective economic and political circumstances of the case have been clarified, which had a significant impact on the strategies choice of the conflict participants. The Conclusions. A debt history between a high-ranking Cossack chief and Starodubskyi trader, a wealthy merchant has been analyzed. As a result, we have a general idea of the concerns of the wealthy Ukrainians at the beginning of the XVIIIth century and some problem-solving strategies. Starodubskyi middle-class merchant was steadily torn apart by the pressure of the circumstances (the need for a constant lending to trade actively, the risks involved, the changes in the Russian law and the trade policy towards Ukraine). Having considerable debts, Ya. Shyrai tried to solve his problems at the expense of creditors, denying the presence of debts. Despite referring the case to the General Military Court, P. Sylenko applied the practice of pressure by the moral authority of the church. The main document that litigated the case and described Starodubskyi residential yard, is extremely important for the history of an everyday life. Its analytical reading, together with additional sources, allows us to look into the past, to feel the intense confusion of Starodubskyi merchants, their ambiguous methods of dealing, the uncertain status of a regimental judge, who was unable to solve the problem on his own, and was forced to use tricky ways – making a will, which ran: Ya. Shyrai had to pay the debt to the monastery; a great importance of the church in the Ukrainian society at that time and the others.

Abstract. The purpose of the research – to analyze the practices of the Ukrainian everyday life of the first quarter of the XVIIIth century based on several court documents. The methodology of the research is based on the principles of historicism, systematic, scientific, interdisciplinary approaches. The following general historical methods have been used: a historiographic analysis, a historical genetic, terminological analysis, a comparative analysis. The scientific novelty is determined by the selection of unpublished or partially published archival documents for historical analysis in order to clarify the daily practices in the Cossack environment. The strategies of solving the debt conflict by high-ranking Cossack chiefs have been elucidated. The accompanying objective economic and political circumstances of the case have been clarified, which had a significant impact on the strategies choice of the conflict participants. The Conclusions. A debt history between a high-ranking Cossack chief and Starodubskyi trader, a wealthy merchant has been analyzed. As a result, we have a general idea of the concerns of the wealthy Ukrainians at the beginning of the XVIIIth century and some problem-solving strategies. Starodubskyi middle-class merchant was steadily torn apart by the pressure of the circumstances (the need for a constant lending to trade actively, the risks involved, the changes in the Russian law and the trade policy towards Ukraine). Having considerable debts, Ya. Shyrai tried to solve his problems at the expense of creditors, denying the presence of debts. Despite referring the case to the General Military Court, P. Sylenko applied the practice of pressure by the moral authority of the church. The main document that litigated the case and described Starodubskyi residential yard, is extremely important for the history of an everyday life. Its analytical reading, together with additional sources, allows us to look into the past, to feel the intense confusion of Starodubskyi merchants, their ambiguous methods of dealing, the uncertain status of a regimental judge, who was unable to solve the problem on his own, and was forced to use tricky ways – making a will, which ran: Ya. Shyrai had to pay the debt to the monastery; a great importance of the church in the Ukrainian society at that time and the others.