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Overwintering brown marmorated stink bugs (Halyomorpha halys) (Stal) are a notable domestic nuisance. In addition to disruptive activity, dead individuals remain in homes, sometimes in large numbers. To better understand the effects of these remains on overwintering behavior, adult H. halys were subjected to several experiments to test their responses to dead conspecifics. In non-tactile tests of individuals exposed to groups of dead conspecifics, H. halys did not respond to 1-yr-old desiccated dead conspecifics, but avoided corpses that were freshly killed. In tactile tests of individuals exposed to groups of dead conspecifics, H. halys joined those corpse aggregations significantly more often than not, and preferred corpses to cotton when given a choice. In tests of exposure of overwintering individuals to fresh dead conspecifics over the course of a winter, no necrophagy or evidence of survival advantage was observed, but overall females had higher survival rates than males. ; USDA-NIFA SCRI award [2011-51181-30937, 2016-51181-25409] ; Apparatus construction was made possible by the Virginia Tech Myers-Lawson School of Construction. Insect collection assistance was provided by the Virginia Tech VIPR Lab. This research assistance was provided in part by the Virginia Tech BioBuild program, and by USDA-NIFA SCRI awards 2011-51181-30937 and 2016-51181-25409. ; Public domain authored by a U.S. government employee

Intentional and unintentional openings in a building's envelope provide opportunities for unwanted pests to enter buildings. The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stal), is one such pest, causing a significant domestic winter nuisance in many locations. One important means of pest control is exclusion, or blocking openings through which they can enter, although some openings are intentional and cannot be completely blocked without putting a building at risk. To help understand what size openings are relevant to entry, adult H. halys ready for overwintering were driven out of heated boxes through openings designed to limit passage by their lateral pronotal and dorsoventral dimensions. Pronotally limited holes of 8 mm wide were passed by only one female (3.3% of those tested), and no females and only one male (3.3%) passed through 7-mm-wide holes. For dorsoventrally limited slits, few (13%) of females passed through 4-mm-high slits, and no individuals passed through 3-mm- high slits. Dorsoventral heights and pronotal widths of 930 individuals collected in Virginia were measured. Females were consistently larger, with pronota averaging 8.33 mm wide to the males' 7.47 mm and heights at the point of leg movement restriction averaging 4.03 mm to the males' 3.50 mm. Based on experimental data and size data, we conclude that most H. halys individuals will be excluded by slits smaller than 3 mm and holes smaller than 7 mm. ; Virginia Tech BioBuild program; USDA-NIFA SCRI [2011-51181-30937, 2016-51181-25409] ; Test apparatus construction was made possible by David Goldsmith and the Virginia Tech BuildLAB. Test subject collection assistance was provided by the Virginia Tech VIPR Lab. This research was supported in part by Virginia Tech BioBuild program and by USDA-NIFA SCRI awards #2011-51181-30937 and #2016-51181-25409. ; Public domain authored by a U.S. government employee

Brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys) (Stal) is a household nuisance pest that seeks shelter in buildings during the winter months. It has been found in a variety of cavities and spaces between building elements, as well as in the objects stored within buildings. This experiment examined the cavity tightness preferences for these insects as they settled in winter refugia. Adult overwintering H. halys were placed in two types of simulated refugia made from rigid material. Each type had a cavity of constant width, while one had a flat lid and constant tightness, and the other had a sloped lid that became tighter as insects moved inside. Adults were allowed to enter and settle, then their locations were recorded. In sloped lid cavities, H. halys tended to settle where the cavity tightness was between 4.5 and 5.5 mm. In the flat lid cavity boxes, H. halys tended to move all the way back. In both configurations, H. halys had a significant tendency to orient their heads towards the cavity entrance. A field comparison of cavity tightness in refugia with less rigid cardboard substrates was also performed, with spacers consisting of one or two layers of 3-mm cardboard. This comparison found differences in cavity selection by sex, with males more likely to pick single-spaced layers, and females more likely to select double-spaced layers. Understanding these preferences could be useful for collection, pest management, trap design, and study of impacts on structures. ; U.S. Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture SCRI [2011-51181-30937, 2016-51181-25409]; Virginia Tech BioBuild program; Virginia Pest Management Association ; This research was supported in part by U.S. Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture SCRI awards #2011-51181-30937 and #2016-51181-25409, the Virginia Tech BioBuild program, and the Virginia Pest Management Association. Fabrication facilities for the laboratory experiments were provided by the Virginia Tech BuildLAB and David Goldsmith. Test subject collection assistance was provided by the Virginia Tech VIPR Lab. ; Public domain authored by a U.S. government employee

The harlequin bug, Murgantia histrionica (Hahn), is a serious pest of brassicaceous vegetables in southern North America. While this insect is limited in its northern range of North America, presumably by severe cold winter temperatures, specific information on its cold hardiness remains unknown. We determined the supercooling points (SCPs) for Maryland and Virginia adult populations and found no significant difference among these populations. SCPs were similar for adults ( = -10.35 A degrees C; 2.54) and early and late instar 11.00 C; rX 4.92) and between adult males and females. However, SCPs for first instars 21.56 C; rX 1.47) and eggs (X 23.24 C; rX1.00) were significantly lower. We also evaluated field survival of overwintering harlequin bug adults during extreme cold episodes of January 2014 and January 2015, which produced widespread air temperatures lower than -15 A degrees C and subfreezing soil temperatures in the Mid-Atlantic Region. After the 48-h episode in 2014, bug mortality in exposed field sites averaged 88%, compared to < 5% mortality of bugs sheltered in an unheated greenhouse (recorded minimum temperature 4.4 A degrees C). After the 2015 episode, 80% of adults that were established in the field the previous November and then sheltered in an unheated garage during the episode, died, in contrast to 96% mortality in exposed field sites. Our results provide new information on M. histrionica overwintering biology, and thermal limitations to its distribution, which leads to improved predictive capabilities to forecast pest severity. ; Public domain authored by a U.S. government employee

The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål), is native to eastern Asia and is presently invading North America. Little is known about the exposure to and effects of winter temperatures in newly invaded regions on H. halys. The overwintering habitats that this species utilizes vary greatly in their thermal buffering capacity. They naturally overwinter in aggregations beneath loose bark on trees and in cliff outcroppings, but will also commonly aggregate in buildings. Effects of cold temperatures such as mortality and freezing have yet to be quantified in the invading population. We report that H. halys is chill intolerant (i.e., dies before reaching its freezing point), and that the degree of cold tolerance of populations in North America differs by season, sex, and acclimation location. The mean winter supercooling point (+/- SEM) of individuals acclimated in Minnesota was -17.06A degrees C A +/- 0.13 and in Virginia was -13.90A degrees C A +/- 0.09. By using laboratory assays of lower lethal temperatures and ambient air temperature records, we accurately forecasted mortality for field experiments in Minnesota and Virginia. Temperature refugia provided by human-built structures are likely crucial for overwintering survival during atypically cold winters and possibly contribute to the northern geographic range expansion of this economically damaging insect in the temperate climates of North America. ; Minnesota's Discovery, Research, and InnoVation Economy (MnDRIVE) Global Food Ventures graduate fellowship at the University of Minnesota; United States Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture Specialty Crop Research Initiative (USDA-NIFA-SCRI) Grant [2011-51181-30937]; Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services United States Department of Agriculture Specialty Crop Block Grant ; This project would not have been possible without the dedication of several people, especially Eric Burkness, Lindsey Christianson, Amy Morey, Robert Koch, Katherine Kamminga, Tracy Leskey, and Doo-Hyung Lee, as well as Jaana Iverson, Benjamin Aigner, and Ashley Lohr. We thank Nathaniel Cira for reviewing this paper prior to submission. We also appreciate the use of the laboratory facilities of the United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Northern Research Station. This project was funded in part by a Minnesota's Discovery, Research, and InnoVation Economy (MnDRIVE) Global Food Ventures graduate fellowship at the University of Minnesota, United States Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture Specialty Crop Research Initiative (USDA-NIFA-SCRI) Grant 2011-51181-30937, and the Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services United States Department of Agriculture Specialty Crop Block Grant for the 2011 fiscal year. ; Public domain authored by a U.S. government employee

Hexanoic acid, 1-octanol, 1,8-octanediol, octyl hexanoate, 1,8-octanediol monohexanoate, and 1,8-octanediol dihexanoate were identified in headspace volatiles collected from the crushed abdomen of a female click beetle of the species Parallelostethus attenuatus (Say) (Elaterinae, tribe Elaterini). In field trials carried out in Illinois, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia, adult male beetles were strongly attracted to 1,8-octanediol dihexanoate alone. Blends of the dihexanoate with one or more of the other compounds proved to be less attractive than the dihexanoate alone, suggesting that the pheromone of this species may consist of a single compound. The symmetrical diester structure of the pheromone is a novel natural product and appears to be structurally unique among insect pheromones. ; USDA-ARS State Potato Partnership Funds [2092-22000-022-00D, 6080-22000-030-00D] ; Published version ; LMH, JGM, ASH, TPK, and LW III appreciate funding support from the USDA-ARS State Potato Partnership Funds projects 2092-22000-022-00D and 6080-22000-030-00D. ; Public domain authored by a U.S. government employee

The brownmarmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stal), is an invasive species from Asia capable of causing severe agricultural damage. It can also be a nuisance pest when it enters and exits anthropogenic overwintering sites. In recent years, pheromone lures and traps for H. halys have been developed and used to monitor populations in field studies. To date, no study has investigated the applicability of these monitoring tools for use indoors by building residents during the overwintering period. Herein, we 1) assessed when in late winter (diapause) and spring (postdiapause) H. halys begins to respond to its pheromone (10,11-epoxy-1-bisabolen-3-ol), 2) evaluated whether pheromone-based tools can be used reliably for monitoring H. halys adults in unheated and heated buildings, and 3) elucidated the potential for indoor management using pheromone-baited traps. A 2-yr trapping study suggested that H. halys began to respond reliably to pheromone-baited traps after a critical photoperiod of 13.5h in the spring. Captures before that point were not correlated with visual counts of bugs in buildings despite robust populations, suggesting currently available pheromone-baited traps were ineffective for surveillance of diapausing H. halys. Finally, because baited traps captured only 8-20% of the adult H. halys known to be present per location, they were not an effective indoor management tool for overwintering H. halys. Our study contributes important knowledge about the capacity of H. halys to perceive its pheromone during overwintering, and the ramifications thereof for building residents with nuisance problems. ; USDA NIFA SCRI CAP Grant [2016-51181-25409] ; We would like to thank the excellent technical assistant of McKenzie Allen (USDA-ARS), John Cullum (USDA-ARS), Jean Engelman (Virginia Tech), Elizabeth Fread (Virginia Tech), Torri Hancock (USDA-ARS), Jamie Hogue (Virginia Tech), Adam Morehead (Virginia Tech), Brittany Poling (USDA-ARS), and Steve Schoof (NC State University). This project was funded by a USDA NIFA SCRI CAP Grant 2016-51181-25409. The use of trade names is for the purposes of providing scientific information only, and does not constitute endorsement by the United States Department of Agriculture. The USDA is an equal opportunity employer. ; Public domain authored by a U.S. government employee

Consumption of edamame (vegetable soybeans) has increased significantly in the U.S. over the last 20 years. Although market demand has been increasing, most edamame is still imported from Asian countries. A team of multistate plant-breeding programs in the mid-Atlantic and Southeast U.S. has focused on developing new breeding lines that grow well in the U.S. and deliver what domestic growers, processors and consumers need and expect from their edamame. In our study, sensory evaluation was used to identify edamame genotypes and sensory attributes preferred by consumers to support breeding selection criteria. In the first year (reported as our "screening study"), 20 edamame genotypes were grown in three locations: Newport, AR, and Blacksburg and Painter, VA. In the second year (reported as our "validation study"), 10 edamame genotypes selected after our screening study were grown in Blacksburg and Painter, VA, Portageville, MO, and Stoneville, MS. In both years of research, untrained participants (adults; vegetable consumers not allergic to soy; N >= 50) used a traditional 9-point acceptability (hedonic) scale (1 = "dislike extremely"; 9 = "like extremely") to evaluate overall-liking, aroma, appearance, taste, and texture, and a 5-point scale (1 = "not sweet," 5 = "extremely sweet") to evaluate sweetness intensity. Next, participants used a check-all-that-apply (CATA) list of selected sensory terms to describe the sensory characteristics of each edamame sample. Overall acceptability of edamame genotypes was significantly different among all genotypes (p < 0.05). Samples described as "bitter," "sour" (flavor) or "starchy" (texture) were associated with lower acceptability scores while "salty" and "sweet" (flavor) were correlated with higher acceptability. Sensory data from the screening study were used to select the best genotypes by use of a defined decision process based on the consumer data. The validation study tested the selection decisions and further supported the genotype choices. Sensory evaluation is a powerful tool to direct breeders to improve market acceptability and develop new edamame genotypes. Both screening and validation studies illustrate the significant role of consumer sensory data in support of genotypes targeted for domestic (U.S.) production. ; USDA-NIFAUnited States Department of Agriculture (USDA) [2018-51181-28384, 1016465]; Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station; ARSUnited States Department of Agriculture (USDA)USDA Agricultural Research Service [6066-21220-012-00D] ; This work was funded by USDA-NIFA (Grant No. 2018-51181-28384; Accession No. 1016465), and, in part, by the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station. This project was partially supported by the ARS Project Number 6066-21220-012-00D. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. ; Public domain authored by a U.S. government employee

Commercially viable cultivars adapted to U.S. production regions that meet consumer acceptance criteria are desperately needed by the growing domestic edamame industry. Here, we report the development and release of 'VT Sweet' (Reg. no. CV-542, PI 699062), the first vegetable soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivar released by Virginia Tech. VT Sweet is a late maturity group (MG) V cultivar (relative maturity 5.6, 129 d to harvest) with determinate growth habit, purple flowers, gray pubescence, tan pod wall, and yellow hila. VT Sweet has superior characteristics for edamame such as large pod size (13.9 g/10 pods; 40.4 mm long, 11.4 mm wide, and 7.6 mm thick) and low one-bean pod proportion (15%), as well as low pod pubescence density (359 hairs/2.4 cm(2)). VT Sweet also showed high overall consumer acceptability (6.0 +/- 1.7; 9 = like extremely) and favorable tolerance to native pests. When compared with the commercial edamame check 'UA Kirksey', VT Sweet showed 102% of the check yield, a higher average field emergence rate (74.9 vs. 68.1%), and comparable consumer acceptability (6.05 vs. 6.10). Therefore, VT Sweet is an ideal cultivar for growers who are interested in commercial edamame production in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. ; USDA-NIFAUnited States Department of Agriculture (USDA) [2018-51181-28384, 237 436 1016465] ; Published version ; We thank USDA-NIFA for the financial support (Grant No. 2018-51181-28384; Accession No. 237 436 1016465) that led to the development of VT Sweet. The authors also thank Sam Chang, Lila Chung, Raymond Chung, and Shannon Ellis for their advice and Muliang Peng, Lin Barrack, Tom Pridgen, Michelle Lee, XingboWu, William Singer, and Joseph Oakes for their technical support in cultivar development. ; Public domain authored by a U.S. government employee

Brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, is native to Asia and has invaded North America and Europe inflicting serious agricultural damage to specialty and row crops. Tools to monitor the spread of H. halys include traps baited with the two-component aggregation pheromone (PHER), (3S,6S,7R,10S)-10,11-epoxy-1-bisabolen-3-ol and (3R,6S,7R,10S)-10,11-epoxy-1-bisabolen-3-ol, and pheromone synergist, methyl (2E,4E,6Z)-decatrienoate (MDT). Here, an international team of researchers conducted trials aimed at evaluating prototype commercial lures for H. halys to establish relative attractiveness of: 1) low and high loading rates of PHER and MDT for monitoring tools and attract and kill tactics; 2) polyethylene lure delivery substrates; and 3) the inclusion of ethyl (2E,4E,6Z)-decatrieonate (EDT), a compound that enhances captures when combined with PHER in lures. In general, PHER loading rate had a greater impact on overall trap captures compared with loading of MDT, but reductions in PHER loading and accompanying lower trap captures could be offset by increasing loading of MDT. As MDT is less expensive to produce, these findings enable reduced production costs. Traps baited with lures containing PHER and EDT resulted in numerically increased captures when EDT was loaded at a high rate, but captures were not significantly greater than those traps baited with lures containing standard PHER and MDT. Experimental polyethylene vial dispensers did not outperform standard lure dispensers; trap captures were significantly lower in most cases. Ultimately, these results will enable refinement of commercially available lures for H. halys to balance attraction and sensitivity with production cost. ; USDA-NIFA-SCRI [2016-51181-25409]; Hungarian Ministry for Innovation and Technology within the framework of the Higher Education Institutional Excellence Program [NKFIH-1159-6/2019]; scope of plant breeding and plant protection research of Szent Istvan University ; Published version ; We thank Chris Hott, Lee Carper, Anthony Rugh, Nate Brandt, Carson Wise John Cullum, and Erica Rudolph for excellent technical assistance. This research was supported by USDA-NIFA-SCRI 2016-51181-25409. This research was also supported by the Hungarian Ministry for Innovation and Technology within the framework of the Higher Education Institutional Excellence Program (NKFIH-1159-6/2019) in the scope of plant breeding and plant protection research of Szent Istvan University. Mention of commercial trade names is for the purposes of providing scientific information only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The U.S. Department of Agriculture is an equal opportunity employer. ; Public domain authored by a U.S. government employee

Halyomorpha halys (Stal), the brown marmorated stink bug, is a globally invasive stink bug species. Its first major outbreak was in the United States, where it has caused millions of dollars in damage, threatened livelihoods of specialty crop growers and impacted row crop growers, and become an extreme nuisance pest in and around dwellings. The BMSB IPM Working Group, funded by the Northeastern IPM Center, was central to providing a mechanism to form a multidisciplinary team and develop initial and subsequent research, Extension, regulatory and consumer priorities. Ultimately, a project team consisting of over 50 scientists from 11 institutions in 10 states obtained the largest ever USDA-NIFA Specialty Crop Research Initiative CAP grant, totaling over $10.7 million, to tackle this crisis over a 5-yr period (2011-2016). Researchers and Extension educators integrated stakeholder feedback throughout the course of the project, and priorities evolved according to needs of affected growers and public stakeholders. Initially, the team focused on identification of H. halys, its damage symptoms and crop-specific risks, and short-term mitigation strategies for crop protection. Subsequently, work focused on its biology, ecology, and behavior leading to the development of potential longer-term IPM tactics and landscape level management solutions, including biological control. This work continues under a second SCRI CAP grant (2016-2021). The information from the initial team reached an estimated 22,000 specialty crop stakeholder contacts via Extension efforts, and over 600 million people via mainstream media. We highlight the main lessons learned from coordinating a national response to the threat posed by H. halys to agriculture in the United States. ; USDA NIFAUnited States Department of Agriculture (USDA) [SCRI 2011-51181-30937, SCRI 2016-51181-25409]; Northeast SARE Grant [LNE14-334]; USDA-ARS Project [808021000-024-00-D]; Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services-Division of Plant Industry ; Mention of a concept, idea, trade name, or commercial product in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The USDA is an equal opportunity employer. This work was funded, in part, by USDA NIFA SCRI 2011-51181-30937, USDA-NIFA-SCRI 2016-51181-25409, Northeast SARE Grant LNE14-334, USDA-ARS Project 808021000-024-00-D, and the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services-Division of Plant Industry. ; Public domain authored by a U.S. government employee

Reliable monitoring of the invasive Halyomorpha halys abundance, phenology and geographic distribution is critical for its management. Halyomorpha halys adult and nymphal captures on clear sticky traps and in black pyramid traps were compared in 18 states across the Great Lakes, Mid-Atlantic, Southeast, Pacific Northwest and Western regions of the United States. Traps were baited with commercial lures containing the H. halys pheromone and synergist, and deployed at field sites bordering agricultural or urban locations with H. halys host plants. Nymphal and adult captures in pyramid traps were greater than those on sticky traps, but captures were positively correlated between the two trap types within each region and during the early-, mid- and late season across all sites. Sites were further classified as having a low, moderate or high relative H. halys density and again showed positive correlations between captures for the two trap types for nymphs and adults. Among regions, the greatest adult captures were recorded in the Southeast and Mid-Atlantic on pyramid and sticky traps, respectively, with lowest captures recorded in the West. Nymphal captures, while lower than adult captures, were greatest in the Southeast and lowest in the West. Nymphal and adult captures were, generally, greatest during July-August and September-October, respectively. Trapping data were compared with available phenological models showing comparable population peaks at most locations. Results demonstrated that sticky traps offer a simpler alternative to pyramid traps, but both can be reliable tools to monitor H. halys in different geographical locations with varying population densities throughout the season. ; USDA-NIFA-SCRI [2016-51181-25409] ; We are tremendously grateful for the excellent technical assistance provided by the numerous technicians and student research assistants involved in this study. This research was supported by USDA-NIFA-SCRI 2016-51181-25409. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing scientific information and does not constitute recommendation or endorsement by the United States Department of Agriculture. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. ; Public domain authored by a U.S. government employee

Since the establishment of the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stal) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in North America and Europe, there has been a large, multi-group effort to characterize the composition and impact of the indigenous community of arthropod natural enemies attacking this invasive pest. In this review, we combine 98 indigenous natural enemy datasets spanning a variety of sampling methods, habitats, and geographic areas. To date, the vast majority of H. halys biological control research has focused on the egg stage, using sentinel egg masses to characterize indigenous parasitoid and predator communities and their contribution to H. halys egg mortality. Although egg parasitism and predation levels by indigenous natural enemies are low (typically <10% each) in most surveys, total egg mortality attributable to natural enemies can be higher (typically between 5 and 25%; up to 83%)-even though these values were likely underestimated in most cases because some mortality due to biological control was not recognized. In North America, where the most data are available, it appears that the relative prevalence of different indigenous parasitoid species varies among habitat types, particularly between crop and non-crop habitats. Predator species responsible for egg mortality are much less commonly identified, but appear to include a wide variety of generalist chewing and sucking predators. To date, studies of natural enemies attacking H. halys nymphs and adults are relatively rare. Based on our review, we identify a number of key research gaps and suggest several directions for future research. ; USDA-NIFA-OREI [2012-51300-20097]; USDA-NIFA-SCRI [2011-51181-30937]; Multistate Hatch Project [USDA NE-1032]; Federally funded Specialty Crop Block Grant [13054]; State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania; Pennsylvania State University Hatch Project [Pen04619] ; The authors wish to thank the following for research assistance collecting data used in this review: Clint Fleshman, Dana Martin, Chad Kramer, Lindsay Stump, Chelsea Berish, Sarah Detraz, Waydon Yates, the UKY farm crew, Emma Thrift, Treva Rowley, Nathan Erwin, Rose Borror, Zachary Johnson, Heather Leach, Megan Lowlor, Brooke Merrill, Devon Newsom, Gary Parason, Ryan Paul, Trisha Samota, McKenzie Allen, Brittany Poling, Morgan Douglas, Samuel Brandt, Torri Hancock, John Cullum, Adam Cave, Tina Dancau, Dennis Quach, Chris Hughes, Lot Miller, Kathy Wholaver, Katy Ellis, Silvia T. Moraglio, Marco G. Pansa, Kathy Tatman, Kylie Mendonca, Kody Transue, Max Sinton, Andrew Lyons, Elizabeth Fread, Abigail Rosenburg, Jeremy Turner, and Steve Schoof. We thank the following grower cooperators: Jeff Dickinson, Mike Laughlin, Sue Borton, Guy Ashmore, Redbud Farm, Barry Rice, and Scott Slaybaugh. Funding for the work synthesized in this review includes grants from the USDA-NIFA-OREI No. 2012-51300-20097; USDA-NIFA-SCRI Nos. 2011-51181-30937; USDA NE-1032 Multistate Hatch Project; Federally funded Specialty Crop Block Grant 13054, administered by the California Department of Food & Agriculture; State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania; Pennsylvania State University Hatch Project No. Pen04619. The USDA does not endorse any commercial product mentioned in this research. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. ; Public domain authored by a U.S. government employee