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The right to the protection of personal data, which is part of the right to privacy, is a fundamental human right. Thus, its guarantees were included in the high-level regulations of the European Union as well as the legal norms of the EU Member States. The first Polish law regulating the protection of personal data was adopted in 1997 as the implementation of EU Directive 95/46. The law imposed a number of obligations on public and private entities which process personal data in order to protect the rights of data subjects and, in particular, to guarantee them the ability to control the correctness of processing of their personal data. Therefore, the law obliged data controllers to process data only on the basis of the premises indicated in the legislation, to adequately secure data, and to comply with the disclosure obligation concerning data subjects, including their right to correct false or outdated data or to request removal of data processed in violation of the law. However, as complaints directed by citizens to the supervisory body—the Inspector General for Personal Data Protection—showed, personal data controllers, especially those operating in the private sector, did not comply with the law, acting in a manner that violated their customers' rights. In the hitherto existing unfair business practices of entrepreneurs, the violations of the data protection provisions that were the most burdensome for customers were related to preventing them from exercising their rights, including the right to control the processing of data, as well as the failure to provide the controller's business address, which made it impossible for subjects whose data were used in violation of the law or for the inspecting authorities to contact the company, a lack of data security and a failure to follow the procedures required by law, the failure to secure documents containing personal data or their abandonment, a lack of updating customer data, the use of unverified data sets and sending marketing offers to deceased people or incorrect target recipients, and excessive amounts of data requested by controllers. The violations of the rights of data subjects recorded in Poland and other EU Member States—among other arguments—provided inspiration for the preparation of a new legal act in the form of the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) (which entered into force on 25 May 2018). The extension of the rights of people whose data are processed was combined in the GDPR with the introduction of new legal instruments disciplining data controllers. Instruments in the form of administrative fines and the strongly emphasised possibility to demand compensation for a violation of the right to data protection were directed in particular against economic entities violating the law.

The right to the protection of personal data, which is part of the right to privacy, is a fundamental human right. Thus, its guarantees were included in the high-level regulations of the European Union as well as the legal norms of the EU Member States. The first Polish law regulating the protection of personal data was adopted in 1997 as the implementation of EU Directive 95/46. The law imposed a number of obligations on public and private entities which process personal data in order to protect the rights of data subjects and, in particular, to guarantee them the ability to control the correctness of processing of their personal data. Therefore, the law obliged data controllers to process data only on the basis of the premises indicated in the legislation, to adequately secure data, and to comply with the disclosure obligation concerning data subjects, including their right to correct false or outdated data or to request removal of data processed in violation of the law. However, as complaints directed by citizens to the supervisory body—the Inspector General for Personal Data Protection—showed, personal data controllers, especially those operating in the private sector, did not comply with the law, acting in a manner that violated their customers' rights. In the hitherto existing unfair business practices of entrepreneurs, the violations of the data protection provisions that were the most burdensome for customers were related to preventing them from exercising their rights, including the right to control the processing of data, as well as the failure to provide the controller's business address, which made it impossible for subjects whose data were used in violation of the law or for the inspecting authorities to contact the company, a lack of data security and a failure to follow the procedures required by law, the failure to secure documents containing personal data or their abandonment, a lack of updating customer data, the use of unverified data sets and sending marketing offers to deceased people or incorrect target recipients, and excessive amounts of data requested by controllers. The violations of the rights of data subjects recorded in Poland and other EU Member States—among other arguments—provided inspiration for the preparation of a new legal act in the form of the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) (which entered into force on 25 May 2018). The extension of the rights of people whose data are processed was combined in the GDPR with the introduction of new legal instruments disciplining data controllers. Instruments in the form of administrative fines and the strongly emphasised possibility to demand compensation for a violation of the right to data protection were directed in particular against economic entities violating the law. ; Publication of English-language versions of the volumes of the "Annales. Ethics in Economic Life" financed through contract no. 501/1/P-DUN/2017 from the funds of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education devoted to the promotion of scholarship.

L'histoire des pays de l'Est a été marquée par une série de tentatives de réforme dont les résultats ont été très variables selon les cas nationaux. Le « facteur Gorbatchev » représente une nouveauté dans la mesure où c'est l'URSS elle-même, traditionnellement hostile à ces expériences, qui est aujourd'hui le théâtre d'une « restructuration ». Les données fondamentales du problème ne s'en trouvent pas pour autant réellement changées pour les leaders est-européens qui auront toujours du mal à réussir une perestroïka compatible avec les principes du socialisme, acceptée par Moscou et satisfaisante pour la population. Quant à Gorbatchev, il devra manœuvrer avec finesse pour maintenir la stabilité et la cohésion interne du bloc tout en y introduisant une nouvelle dynamique économique et sociale.

W czasie pandemii COVID-19 ograniczenie możliwości przemieszczania się, utrudniony bezpośredni dostęp do świadczeń medycznych, zamknięcie szkół i różnych placówek użytku publicznego sprawiło, że ludzkość znalazła się w bardzo trudnej sytuacji, szczególnie pod kątem organizacji własnego życia i podtrzymania relacji społecznych. Skutki tych ograniczeń szczególnie silnie odczuły osoby z niepełnosprawnościami oraz ich rodziny. Celem opisanych w artykule badań było rozpoznanie możliwości wsparcia artystów z niepełnosprawnością, przede wszystkim artystów z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną, w sytuacji izolacji społecznej spowodowanej pandemią COVID-19 z perspektywy instytucji działających na ich rzecz. Zastosowano metodę sondażu pogłębionego. Na pierwszym etapie badań wykorzystano technikę ankiety. Kwestionariusz ankiety rozesłano do 400. instytucji wspierających artystów z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną na terenie całej Polski. Otrzymano 21 odpowiedzi, które poddano analizie. Wyniki badań ujawniły, że instytucje statutowo działające na rzecz twórców z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną nie zawiesiły działalności w czasie pandemii COVID-19 i w zdecydowanej większości udzielały wsparcia w ramach standardowo obowiązujących przepisów. Niektóre z nich wypracowały własne, nowatorskie i warte rozpowszechnienia sposoby wspierania twórców z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną.