Search results

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Introduction to Trends in Fingerprint Identification -- 1.1 Contact-Based Fingerprint Identification -- 1.1.1 Matching Fingerprint Images -- 1.2 Contactless 2D Fingerprint Identification -- 1.3 Contactless 3D Fingerprint Identification -- References -- 2 3D Fingerprint Image Acquisition Methods -- 2.1 Stereo Vision -- 2.2 Patterned Lighting -- 2.3 Optical Coherence Tomography -- 2.4 Ultrasound Imaging -- 2.5 Photometric Stereo -- 2.6 Other Methods -- References -- 3 Contactless and Live 3D Fingerprint Imaging -- 3.1 Contactless 3D Finger Image Acquisition Using Photometric Stereo -- 3.1.1 Imaging Setup and Calibration -- 3.1.2 Preprocessing Acquired 2D Images -- 3.1.3 Surface Normal and Albedo -- 3.1.4 Generating 3D Fingerprint Images -- 3.1.5 Removing Specular Reflection -- 3.1.6 Addressing Non-Lambertian Influences During 3D Fingerprint Imaging -- 3.2 Complexity for Online 3D Fingerprint Acquisition -- References -- 4 3D Fingerprint Acquisition Using Coloured Photometric Stereo -- 4.1 Image Acquisition Setup for Coloured 3D Photometric Stereo -- 4.2 Finger Motion Detection and Image Acquisition -- 4.3 Reconstructing 3D Fingerprint Using RGB Channels -- 4.4 Reconstruction Accuracy and System Complexity -- 4.5 Influence from Finger Skin Contamination -- 4.6 Summary -- References -- 5 3D Fingerprint Image Preprocessing and Enhancement -- 5.1 3D Fingerprint Data Format and Representation -- 5.2 Contactless 3D Fingerprint Image Enhancement -- 5.3 Estimating 3D Fingerprint Surface Curvature -- 5.4 Contactless Fingerprint Image Preprocessing -- References -- 6 Representation, Recovery and Matching of 3D Minutiae Template -- 6.1 Conventional 2D Fingerprint Minutiae Representation -- 6.2 Minutiae Representation in 3D Space -- 6.3 Recovering Minutiae in 3D Space from the 3D Fingerprint Images.

Development of a nation is very much dependent on the development of rural people. Today, the real problem faced by every developing country like India is the poverty. Nearly half of the available human resource in India is women. Majority of them are living in rural areas and most of them are illiterates and are below poverty line. Besides this in comparison to urban women, rural women have limited access to all kinds of resources such as education, transportation, training, financial support, availability of current information etc. but have more hidden talents, which have to be bought in to light. Hence, there is need to change their capacity to work by giving them the necessary trainings on income generating activities, bringing their talents into light, supporting them with financial facilities, giving them marketing knowledge, current information etc. which helps in increasing knowledge, enriching their skills and improve their economic status.

Villages are the lifeline of India as 65% of country's population lives in the rural areas. Rural economy contributes 25-30 per cent to the GDP. Rural development focuses on creating economic opportunities in rural areas through initiatives such as skill development, agricultural innovation, and the promotion of rural industries. By generating income and employment opportunities, rural development plays a crucial role in reducing poverty and promoting sustainable livelihoods. The use of digital tools and communication technologies can enhance productivity, promote financial inclusion and bridge the information gap between rural and urban areas. Sustainable and inclusive rural development not only benefits the rural population but also contributes to the overall socio-economic development of a nation.

The present human civilization is moving forward along with many backward motions, generation after generation. At the same time, in the running society amidst a lot of conventional ordinary zero-point or negative works, few giant steps are taken for the good of the people in the long run. Mental capacity of common people is not so powerful to catch the negative vibrations against the deeds taken for granted, today; and, hence, in majority cases, solution does not come. We blame one another and the situations become worse day by day. We always try to rationalize the irrationals by our own judgments, introducing falsehood, mistrust and selfishness; and, hence, in no way the problems reduce. Rather, the whole society is being entangled in a variety of mental turbulences in which we all have been captured directly or indirectly. Actually, we have lost our inner power as a result of forgetting our original spiritual identity. The right knowledge and understanding of soul, Supreme Soul and World Cycle, and self-realization and God-realization made clear the universal concept of One-World -Family in the sense that every human being is the spiritual child of God Father Shiva irrespective of the differences of castes, colours, creeds, cultures, faiths, religions, languages, genders, nationalities, places of birth, etc.

Tourism today finds a prominent place not only in the general planning process of almost every state in India but at the global level as well. The state Government of Himachal Pradesh has also realized the significance of tourism for its enormous economic potential and has given top priority to the promotion of tourism in the state. But unfortunately, in spite of vast tourist potential, Himachal has not been able to get its rightful share while a good deal of tourism potential. The present study aims at identifying the various problems faced by the tourists during their visit to the hill state and for solution there is an alternative strategy. The study is based on the secondary data obtained from the related books, journals and reports and various newspapers such as The Tribune, Business Line, Financial Express, The Economic Times etc.

Dalits belong to the lowest caste in India; they are excluded from the four-fold Varna system of Hinduism, treated as fifth Varna "panchama", and characterized as "untouchables", and, consequently, they have historically and culturally suffered caste-based social exclusion from their civil and political rights. There are more than 200 million Dalits in India, and Dalit women constitute half of this population, which is about 16.3% of the total female population of India, and of this population, about three-fourths of women live in rural areas2. Dalit women's problems are not only related to gender and economic deprivation but also discrimination related to caste, religion, and untouchability, which in turn leads to the denial of their social, economic, cultural, and political rights. Many scholars believe that Dalit women's problems are unique and distinct in many ways as they suffer gender bias, caste discrimination, and class deprivation simultaneously. They are considered vulnerable to sexual violence and exploitation due to their gender and caste. They face a higher degree of violence most prominently in rural areas by the upper caste Hindus. This paper analyzes Dalit women's lives and tries to explore the real factors and situations in which Dalit women become objects of sexual exploitation and violence. A sample of 210 respondents from Delhi and outside Delhi was selected for this study. Factor loading has been used to explore the factors that determine sexual violence against Dalit women. The research employs the Pearson correlation method to explore the relationships between the variables and the regression method to investigate the intersectionality of caste, class, and gender in terms of sexual violence.

The aim of this paper was to study disparities among the students of different categories at elementary level in Himachal Pradesh. To accomplish this purpose the researcher compared the enrolment trend and studied the gender gap between boy and girl students from the year 2003 to 2014 at the elementary level in Himachal Pradesh. The result of this study revealed that there was declining trend of boy and girl students in government schools at the elementary level in Himachal Pradesh.

India is a democratic, sovereign, socialist, secular and republic country. Imparting Primary Education is a constitutional obligation of the government. Article 45 of the Directive Principles of Indian Constitution and the 86th Amendment Act, 2002 state that it is the duty of the government to provide free and compulsory education to every child he or she attains the age of 14.The right of children to free and compulsory Education Act has come into force from April 01,2010.This is a historical day for people of India as from this day the right to Education will be accorded the same legal status as the right to life provided by Article 21A of Indian constitution. Every child in the age group of 6 to 14 years will be provided 8 years of elementary education in an age appropriate classroom in the vicinity of his/her neighbourhood. The objective of this paper was to study the enrolment of boys and girls students, enrolment of general, SC, ST and OBC category students, number of government schools and number of teachers, and student teacher ratio at the elementary level of Hamirpur District under the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan.