Suchergebnisse

AbstractEvery human has the right to live with respect and dignity, and no one should be discriminated against based on their gender or sexual preferences. Transgender people feel and live as the opposite gender compared to the one assigned at birth. Transgender people face problems in schools, workplaces, public places, accommodations, and healthcare services and are sometimes mocked. Present review briefs on issues faced by Transgenders, problems, and their rights. Literature from 2005 till March 2023 was searched from various organizations and peer‐reviewed journals through PubMed, Google Scholar, and SCOPUS databases using search terms Transgender Persons, Gender nonconforming, Discrimination against Transgender, Right to Health for Transgender, and Laws for Transgender. A total of 55 articles focused on Transgender and their issues were included for analysis. Transgender people have identity issues. It is not a stigma to be ashamed of. On the contrary, they should be appreciated for coming forward and accepting that they are not comfortable with the gender assigned to them. They should be supported in every way to lead a better life. Attempts should be made to stop their harassment, humiliation, and discrimination from using basic needs services and the right to healthcare.

Abstract
Background
Worldwide rising trend in infertility has been observed in the past few years with male infertility arising as a major problem. One main reason for the rise in male infertility cases is declining semen quality. It was found that any factor that affects semen quality can affect male fertility. There are several modifiable factors affecting semen quality including air pollution, use of pesticides and harmful chemicals, exposure to excessive heat, and can lead to decreased male fertility.

Main body
The present review focuses on some of these environmental factors that affect semen quality and hence, can cause male infertility. The literature from 2000 till June 2021 was searched from various English peer-reviewed journals and WHO fact sheets using the USA National Library of Medicine (PubMed) database, the regional portal of Virtual Health Library, and Scientific Electronic Library Online. The search terms used were: "Air pollution and male fertility", "Chemicals and male infertility", "Heat exposure and infertility", "heavy metals and male fertility".

Conclusion
Adverse environmental factors have a significant impact on semen quality, leading to decreased sperm concentration, total sperm count, motility, viability, and increased abnormal sperm morphology, sperm DNA fragmentation, ultimately causing male infertility. However, all these factors are modifiable and reversible, and hence, by mere changing of lifestyle, many of these risk factors can be avoided.