Suchergebnisse

"Sustainable development is a highly integrated concept that encompasses many disciplines such as economics, social sciences, culture, technologies, natural resources, and environmental domains, while achieving sustainable development is a comprehensive multidisciplinary process involving coordination and function. Through research and teaching, the transdisciplinary science of sustainability is a fundamental part of this approach. This book offers approaches to develop a transdisciplinary perspective that encompasses the natural, social, and human sciences in the search for a sustainable society"--

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Beautiful Butterflies as Potential Bio-Indicators of Sustainable City Development -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Related Work -- Sustainable City and Community Development -- Jakarta as a Sustainable City and Community Development -- Butterfly as Bioindicator of Environmental Changes -- Proposed Model and Approach -- Location of the Study Site -- Sampling Protocols -- Data Analysis -- Challenges -- Results and Discussion -- Local Environment Conditions -- Vegetation Structures -- Butterfly Composition -- Butterfly Community Structures -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 -- The Catalyst for Clean and Green Energy Using Blockchain Technology -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The Go-To Blockchain Platform -- Blockchain in Energy -- Blockchain as a Catalyst for Green Energy -- Literature Review -- India Has a Clean Energy Opportunity -- The Notion of Blockchain Smart Grids -- Key Benefits of Blockchain in the Energy Sector -- Blockchain in Decarbonizing the Economy -- Blockchain Is a Key Pillar in Digital Transformation -- Dangers of Blockchain Technology in the Energy Industry -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Quality Research on the Quest for Inclusive and Equitable Quality Education, SDG 4 -- Abstract -- Introduction -- SDG 4 -- Information and Research on SDG 4 -- What is 'Quality Research'? -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Exploratory Research on the Role of Leadership in Green Management -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Statement of Objectives -- Role of Leadership -- Green Management -- The Concept of Sustainability and Green Management -- Dimensions of Green Management -- Effects of Leadership on Green Practices -- Theoretical Foundation -- Theoretical Framework -- The Argument -- Methods -- Research Design -- Results and Discussion -- Participant Observation.

We present an analysis for evaluating the probability density
function (pdf) of the noise at the output of the frequency
demodulator. It is shown that the noise is non-Gaussian and that
for low to medium signal-to-noise power ratios, its pdf differs
very significantly from the Gaussian pdf commonly assumed in
simplified analysis. These results are very important for
analyzing the performance of the PCM/FM type of modulation schemes
used in telemetry systems as illustrated in the paper.

International liqidity may, for purposes of analysis, be classified as (a) Primary, (b) Subsidiary, and (c) Ad hoc. In estimating the total quantum of international liquidity particularly from the viewpoint of dveloping countries, we exclude ad hoc liquidity. The major supply of international liquidity is concentrated in the hands of industrial countries; while the major demand for international liquidity arises from developing countries which fall under Article XIV of the I.M.F. The problem of international liquidity, therefore, exists essentially for the developing countries only. This paper suggests policy guidelines to get over the problem.

International audience ; The concept of authentication assurance traditionally refers to the robustness of methods and mechanisms for user authentication, including the robustness of initial registration and provisioning of user credentials, as well as the robustness of mechanisms that enforce user authentication during operation. However, the user is not the only party that needs to be authenticated to ensure security of online transactions. In fact, online service provision always involves two parties, typically the user on the client side and the service provider on the server side, so that mutual authentication between the two sides is required. In contrast to the unilateral focus on user authentication by industry and academia, it is in fact equally important for the user to correctly authenticate the service provider. Unfortunately, little attention is paid to the problem of correctly authentication the service provider. This paper proposes a framework for server and service provider authentication assurance, similarly to frameworks for user authentication assurance that have already been specified, or are currently under development by many national governments.

International audience ; The concept of authentication assurance traditionally refers to the robustness of methods and mechanisms for user authentication, including the robustness of initial registration and provisioning of user credentials, as well as the robustness of mechanisms that enforce user authentication during operation. However, the user is not the only party that needs to be authenticated to ensure security of online transactions. In fact, online service provision always involves two parties, typically the user on the client side and the service provider on the server side, so that mutual authentication between the two sides is required. In contrast to the unilateral focus on user authentication by industry and academia, it is in fact equally important for the user to correctly authenticate the service provider. Unfortunately, little attention is paid to the problem of correctly authentication the service provider. This paper proposes a framework for server and service provider authentication assurance, similarly to frameworks for user authentication assurance that have already been specified, or are currently under development by many national governments.

International audience ; The concept of authentication assurance traditionally refers to the robustness of methods and mechanisms for user authentication, including the robustness of initial registration and provisioning of user credentials, as well as the robustness of mechanisms that enforce user authentication during operation. However, the user is not the only party that needs to be authenticated to ensure security of online transactions. In fact, online service provision always involves two parties, typically the user on the client side and the service provider on the server side, so that mutual authentication between the two sides is required. In contrast to the unilateral focus on user authentication by industry and academia, it is in fact equally important for the user to correctly authenticate the service provider. Unfortunately, little attention is paid to the problem of correctly authentication the service provider. This paper proposes a framework for server and service provider authentication assurance, similarly to frameworks for user authentication assurance that have already been specified, or are currently under development by many national governments.

This edited book presents an insight for modelling, procuring, and building the smart city plan using IoT and a security framework using blockchain technology. The applications of Li-Fi and 5G in smart cities are included along with their implementation, challenges, and advantages.

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Narayanpet-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 596 ha in Narayanpet-1 microwatershed in Yadgir taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as droughtprone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 87 per cent is covered by soils, 150 cm).  About 83 per cent of the area has clayey soils and 4 per cent loamy soils at the surface.  Entire area of about 87 per cent has non-gravelly lands.  About 75 per cent of the area has soils that are very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 9 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and about 2 per cent very low (9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly is 0.75%) in organic carbon.  An area of 9 per cent has soils that are low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 10 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 77 per cent high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in about 5 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in about 1 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 3 per cent area has soils that are deficient (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Entire area of the microwatershed is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc.  The land suitability for 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Narayanpet-1 microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 506 (85) Sapota - - Maize - 519 (87) Guava - - Red gram - 490 (82) Pomegranate - 490 (82) Bajra - 504 (84) Jackfruit - - Ground nut - - Jamun - 450 (75) Sunflower - 490 (82) Musambi - 490 (82) Cotton - 505 (85) Lime - 490 (82) Bengalgram - 505 (85) Cashew - - Chilli - 503 (84) Custard apple - 505 (85) Tomato - - Amla - 505 (85) Drumstick - 490 (82) Tamarind - 450 (75) Mulberry - - Marigold - 505 (85) Mango - - Chrysanthemum - 505 (85) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data on households sampled for socio economic survey indicated that 35 farmers were sampled in Narayanpet-1 micro-watershed among them 4 (11.43 %) were landless, 6 (17.14 %) were marginal farmers, 14 (40 %) were small farmers, 9 (25.71 %) were semi medium farmers and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers.  The data indicated that there were 94 (58.39 %) men and 67 (41.61 %) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 4, marginal farmers' was 4.8, small farmers' was 4.6, semi medium farmers' was 5.7 and medium farmers' was 6.  The data indicated that, 38 (23.60 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 71 (44.10 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 43 (26.71 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 9 (5.59 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Narayanpet-1 had 41.61 per cent illiterates, 0.62 per cent Functional Literate, 29.19 per cent of them had primary school, 5.59 per cent of them had middle school, 7.45 per cent of them had high school education, 4.97 per cent of them had PUC, 1.24 per cent of them had Diploma, 0.62 per cent of them had ITI, 4.35 per cent of them had Degree and 1.24 per cent of them had Masters education.  The results indicate that, 65.71 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 14.29 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers, 17.14 per cent of the household heads were General labourers and 5.71 per cent of the household heads were Housewives.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 42.24 per cent of the household members, 8.70 per cent were agricultural labourers, 9.94 per cent were General Labour, 0.62 per cent were Government Service, 3.11 per cent were Private Service, 24.22 per cent were Student, 6.83 per cent were Housewife and 3.73 per cent were children.  The results show that, 0.62 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has participated in User Group.  The results indicate that 8.57 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 77.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 14.29 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 68.57 per cent of the households possess TV, 42.86 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 20 per cent of the households possess Bicycle, 28.57 per cent of the households possess Motor Cycle, 2.86 per cent of the households possess auto and Landline Phone and 94.29 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. 2  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 3,645, mixer/grinder was Rs. 1,400, Bicycle was Rs. 1,142, motor cycle was Rs. 32,500, auto was Rs. 60,000, Landline Phone was Rs. 2,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,280.  About 8.57 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 28.57 per cent of them possess plough, 5.71 per cent of them possess seed/fertilizer drill, 2.86 per cent of them possess tractor, 5.71 per cent of them possess Sprayer and 74.29 per cent of them possess Weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 25,000, plough was Rs. 2,500, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs. 3,500, tractor was Rs. 700,000, sprayer was Rs. 3,750 and weeder was Rs. 30.  The results indicate that, 34.29 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 2.86 per cent of the households possess local cow and 5.71 per cent of the households possess Sheep.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.45, average own labour (women) available was 1.39, average hired labour (men) available was 13.61 and average hired labour (women) available was 14.42.  The results indicate that, 88.57 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Narayanpet-1 micro-watershed possess 58.53 ha (98.64 %) of dry land and 0.81 ha (1.36 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 4.18 ha (100 %) of dry land. Small farmers possess 20.19 ha (96.15 %) of dry land and 0.81 ha (3.85 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 24.76 ha (100%) of dry land. Medium farmers possess 9.40 ha (100%) of dry land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 284,349.72 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 988,000. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 728,578.34 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 309,430.75 for dry land and Rs. 988,000 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 246,273.29 for dry land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 132,967.27 for dry land.  The results indicate that, canal was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 2.86 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, small farmers had an irrigated area of 0.81 ha.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown red gram (14.01 ha), cotton (33.81 ha), paddy (0.81 ha), Red gram (14.01 ha) and Sorghum (7.81 ha). Marginal farmers have grown red gram and cotton. Small farmers have grown red gram, cotton, sorghum and paddy. Semi medium farmers have grown sorghum, red gram and cotton. Medium farmers have grown red gram and cotton. 3  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Narayanpet-1 micro-watershed was found to be 90.89 per cent.  The results indicate that, 57.14 per cent of the households have bank account.  The results indicate that, 57.14 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 24097.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 50036.33. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 25938.41. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.08.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 10861.55. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 24428.78. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. 13567.23. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.25.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 20532.37. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31589.33. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 11056.96. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.54.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 33932.61. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 160550. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. 126617.39. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 4.73.  The results indicate that, 42.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 162,500 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 65,016.67, for small farmers it was Rs. 117,403.57, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 182,027.78 and medium farmers it was Rs. 179,500.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 17,092.40. For landless households it was Rs. 30,625, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 2,833.33, for small farmers it was Rs. 12,643.71, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 23,246.91 and medium farmers it was Rs. 36,250.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 1mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 4 Teak, 30 neem, 2 tamarind, 6 Banyan and 2 acacia trees in their field and also 2 teak and 5 neem in backyard.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 12,942.86 for land development Rs. 18,142.86 for Irrigation facility, Rs. 1,228.57 for improved crop production and Rs. 2,485.71 for improved livestock management. 4  The results indicated that Government subsidy was the source of additional investment for 2.78 per cent for land development and improved livestock management, Loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 22.22 per cent for land development and 13.89 per cent for irrigation facility, 25 per cent for improved crop production and 16.67 per cent for improved livestock management, soft loan was the source of additional investment for 2.78 per cent for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, Paddy was sold to the extent of 60 per cent, Redgram was sold to the extent of 71.26 per cent and Sorghum to the extent of 90.48 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 94.29 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants.  The results indicated that, 2.86 per cent of the households have used cart as a mode of transportation and 91.43 per cent of the households have used Tractor as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the households used firewood, 5.71 per cent of the households used Kerosene and 14.29 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 94.29 per cent and 2.86 per cent of the households used bore well in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 48.57 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards and 2.86 per cent of the sampled households Not Possessed.  The results indicated that, 65.71 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 97.14 per cent of the households, oilseed were adequate for 88.57 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 65.71 per cent, milk were adequate for 80 per cent and Egg were adequate for 8.57 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 2.86 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 11.43 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 31.43 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 100 per cent, milk were 5 inadequate for 20 per cent, egg were inadequate for 88.57 per cent and meat were inadequate for 100 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil, wild animal menace on farm field and Frequent incidence of pest and diseases was the constraint experienced by 88.57 per cent of the households, Inadequacy of irrigation water (2.86 %), High cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals, High rate of interest on credit and Low price for the agricultural commodities (85.71 %), Lack of marketing facilities in the area (82.86 %), high rate of interest on credit (11.43%), low price for the agricultural commodities (20%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (17.14%), Inadequate extension services (5.71 %) and lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (80%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Nilahalli-3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 409 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 320 ha (78%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 89 ha (22%) by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 19 soil phases (management units) and 6 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 37 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 41 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 43 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils, 27 per cent clayey soils and 9 per cent are sandy at the surface.  About 65per cent area of the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 76 per cent are moderately (e2) eroded and 3 per cent area is severely (e3) eroded.  An area of about 4 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction, 13 per cent soils are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 31 per cent soils are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 - 8.4), 25 per cent soils are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 5 per cent soils are very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About4 per cent area is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 26 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 33 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 35 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Entire area in the microwatershed is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in available iron.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 298(73) Sapota - - Maize - 147(36) Pomegranate - 152(36) Bajra - 298(72) Musambi - 152(37) Groundnut - 78(19) Lime - 152(37) Sunflower - 151(37) Amla - 298(73) Redgram - 127(31) Cashew - - Bengal gram 24 (6) 274(67) Jackfruit - - Cotton 24 (6) 274(67) Jamun - 142(34) Chilli - 298(72) Custard apple - 298(73) Tomato - 147(36) Tamarind - 142(34) Drumstick - 151(36) Mulberry - - Mango - - Marigold - 298(72) Guava - - Chrysanthemum - 298(72)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Nilahalli-3 is located at North latitude 160 38' 0.588" and 160 36' 23.07" and East longitude 770 16' 25.108'' and 770 14' 47.381" covering an area of about 409.04 ha coming under Neelahalli, Kudlura and Killanakera Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Nilahalli-3 micro watersheds of Kilankeri subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Nilahalli-3 micro-watershed among households surveyed 4 (11.43%) were marginal, 15 (42.86%) were small, 14 (40.00 %) were semi medium and 1 (2.86 %) were medium farmers. 1 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 102 (59.30%) men and 69 (40.12 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4, marginal farmers were 5.3, small farmers were 4.9, semi medium farmers were 4.9 and medium farmers were 4.  Majority of the respondents (45.93%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 51.74 per cent illiterates, 1.74 percent were functional literates, 43.01 per cent pre university education and 3.49 per cent attained graduation.  About, 94.29 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 5.71 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 58.72 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 88.57 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 0.00 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 77.14 per cent possess TV, 62.86 per cent possess mixer grinder, 88.57 per cent possess mobile phones and 28.57 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 57.14 per cent of the households possess plough and 17.14 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 20.00 per cent possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 9.92 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 1.34.  Further, 2.86 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 66.26 per cent (53.61 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 24.38 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 9.00 live bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 25.71 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut cropping intensity was recorded as 96.53 per cent.  Out of the sample households 2.86 percent possessed bank account and 2.86 per cent of them have savings in the account.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 100.00 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton and Groundnut was Rs.23410.27 , 26041.35 and 56704.52 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.50, 1: 1.90 and 1: 1.24 respectively.  Further, 5.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.71 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 81817.14 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 55431.43 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 4 horticulture trees and 106 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 8428.57 for land development and Rs. 1000.00 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 5.71 per cent depends on own funds and 60.00 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 82.86 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 85.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (68.57%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 82.86 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 94.29 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 97.14 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. 3  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (97.14%), pulses (77.14%) and oilseeds (14.29%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (85.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (82.86%), inadequacy of irrigation water (2.86%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (80.00%), high rate of interest on credit (5.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (85.71%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (65.71%), inadequate extension services (2.86%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (60.00%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kyatanal microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatersheds. The present study covers an area of 551 ha in Kyatanal microwatershed in Yadgir taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 93 per cent is covered by soils, 7 per cent by rock outcrops habitation and water bodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 18 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 120-150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire land area of the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 3 per cent soils are shallow (25-50 cm), 43 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 21 per cent are moderately deep (75-100 cm) and about 25 per cent soils are deep (100-150 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) soils.  About 56 per cent of the area has clayey soils, 29 per cent loamy soils and 7 per cent sandy soils at the surface.  An area of about 81 per cent has non-gravelly and 11 per cent are gravelly soils.  About 25 per cent of the area has soils that are very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 53 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m), 12 per cent low (51-100 mm/m) and about 3 per cent very low (9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly is 0.75%) in organic carbon.  An area of 62 per cent has soils that are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in about 5 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in about 1 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 17 per cent area has soils that are deficient (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Entire area of the microwatershed is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc.  The land suitability for 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Kyatanal microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 492 (89) Sapota - - Maize - 65 (12) Guava - - Red gram - 253 (46) Pomegranate - 253 (46) Bajra - 492 (89) Jackfruit - - Ground nut - 2 (<1) Jamun - 137 (25) Sunflower - 253 (46) Musambi - 253 (46) Cotton - 492 (89) Lime - 253 (46) Bengalgram - 492 (89) Cashew - - Chilli - 492 (89) Custard apple - 492 (89) Tomato - 65 (12) Amla - 492 (89) Drumstick - 253 (46) Tamarind - 137 (25) Mulberry - - Marigold - 492 (89) Mango - - Chrysanthemum - 492 (89) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Nilahalli-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 611 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 590 ha (97%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 21 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 12 soil series and 15 soil phases (management units) and 6 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 51 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 45 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 51 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils, 43 per cent clayey soils and 3 per cent are sandy at the surface.  Entire area of the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 21 per cent are nearly level (0-1 %) and 76 per cent area are very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 21 per cent are slightly (e1) eroded, 73 per cent are moderately (e2) eroded and 3 per cent area is severely (e3) eroded.  An area of about 16 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction, 30 per cent soils are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 31 per cent soils are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 - 8.4), 13 per cent soils are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 6 per cent soils are very strongly alkaline.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About12 per cent area is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 16 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 7 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 8 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is deficient (4.5 ppm) in an area of 83 per cent.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 40(7) 343(57) Sapota - 43(7) Maize 40(7) 69(12) Pomegranate - 313(51) Bajra 40(7) 343(56) Musambi - 313(51) Groundnut - 90(15) Lime - 313(51) Sunflower - 314(51) Amla 40(7) 342(56) Redgram - 314(51) Cashew - - Bengal gram 40 (7) 340(56) Jackfruit - 43(7) Cotton - 381(62) Jamun - 185(30) Chilli - 383(63) Custard apple 40(7) 342(57) Tomato 40(7) 72(12) Tamarind - 185(30) Drumstick - 314(51) Mulberry - 43(7) Mango - - Marigold - 383(63) Guava - 43(7) Chrysanthemum - 383(63)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Nilahalli-2 is located at North latitude 160 38' 8.364" and 160 36' 13.15" and East longitude 770 17' 43.492'' and 770 16' 4.204" covering an area of about 611.58 ha coming under Neelahalli, Kanikal and Killanakera Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Nilahalli-2 micro watersheds of Kilankeri subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 32 farmers were sampled in Nilahalli-2 micro-watershed among households surveyed 9 (28.13%) were marginal, 10 (31.25%) were small, 5 (15.63 %) were semi medium, 3 (9.38 %) were medium and 1 (3.13 %) were large farmers. 4 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 90 (52.02%) men and 83 (47.98 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4, marginal farmers were 5.8, small farmers were 5.5, semi medium farmers were 6, medium farmers were 3.3 and large farmers were 10.  Majority of the respondents (41.04%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 43.93 per cent of illiterates, 27.75 per cent of them had primary school education, 1.73 per cent middle school education, and 15.03 per cent high school education, 4.05 per cent of them had PUC education and 6.94 per cent attained graduation.  About, 53.13 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 43.75 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 33.53 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 68.75 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 6.25 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 43.75 per cent possess TV, 100.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 18.75 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 50.00 per cent of the households possess plough, 12.50 per cent possess tractor, 25.00 per cent possess bullock cart and 46.88 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 15.63 per cent possess local cow and 15.63 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.52, women available in the micro watershed was 1.56, hired labour (men) available was 8.11 and hired labour (women) available was 14.29. 2  In the study area, about 2.31 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 175.00 kms for about 12.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 72.37 per cent (49.50 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 27.63 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 7.00 live bore wells and 8.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 21.88 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Paddy and Jowar and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 96.88 percent possessed bank account and 43.75 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 56.25 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 81.82 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Paddy and Jowar was Rs.22360.83, 37436.51, 37856.35, 149498.39 and 18450.25 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.90, 1: 1.40, 1: 1.20, 1: 0.70 and 1:0.90 , respectively.  Further, 43.75 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 124154.38 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 63075.00 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 2 horticulture trees and 57 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 6.25 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1156.25 for land development and Rs. 12031.25 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 18.18 per cent depends on own funds.  Regarding marketing channels, 93.75 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 87.50 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (34.38%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 78.13 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. 3  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 65.63 per cent of the households and 40.63 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 87.50 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 46.88 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL cards.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (78.13%), pulses (71.88%) and oilseeds (43.75%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (87.50%) wild animal menace on farm field (81.25%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (81.25%), inadequacy of irrigation water (40.63%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (87.50%), high rate of interest on credit (81.25%), low price for the agricultural commodities (84.38%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (84.38%), inadequate extension services (75.00%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (81.25%) ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Goudgera Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 493 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 456 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 37 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 16 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 64 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100 to >150 cm) and 29 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 39 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils, 37 per cent clayey soils and 17 per cent are sandy soils at the surface.  Entire area of the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 91 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and 1 per cent is severely eroded (e3).  An area of about 7 per cent soils are slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 47 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction, 21 per cent soils are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 12 per cent soils are moderately alkaline (7.8 - 8.4), 6 per cent soils are strongly alkaline (8.4-9.0) and 1 per cent soils are very strongly alkaline (>9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 60 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha), 27 per cent area is high (>57 kg/ha) and 5 per cent low in available phosphorus.  About 74 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium, 8 per cent high (>337 kg/ha) and 11 per cent low.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in an area of 87 per cent.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 422(87) Sapota - - Maize - 107(22) Pomegranate - 315(64) Bajra - 422(86) Musambi - 315(64) Groundnut - 87(18) Lime - 315(64) Sunflower - 315(65) Amla - 422(86) Redgram - 233(47) Cashew - - Bengal gram 82 (17) 340(70) Jackfruit - - Cotton 82 (17) 340(70) Jamun - 315(64) Chilli - 422(86) Custard apple - 422(86) Tomato - 107(22) Tamarind - 315(64) Drumstick - 315(64) Mulberry - - Mango - - Marigold - 422(86) Guava - - Chrysanthemum - 422(86)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Goudagera is located at North latitude 160 39' 31.328" and 160 38' 0.861" and East longitude 770 15' 4.974" and 770 13' 17.424" covering an area of about 492.85 ha coming under Gowdagera and Killanakera Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Goudagera micro watersheds of Nagalapur subwatershed, yadgir taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 36 total respondents, 6 (16.67 %) were marginal, 10 (27.78%)were small, 10 (27.78 %) were Semi medium and 5 (13.89 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 99 (48.53%) men and 105 (51.47 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (42.16%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 57.35 per cent illiterates, 40.19 per cent pre university education and 1.47 per cent attained graduation.  About, 83.33 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 16.67 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 51.96 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 97.22 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 83.33 per cent possess TV, 5.56 per cent possess mixer grinder, 91.67 per cent possess mobile phones and 13.89 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 47.22 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.78 per cent possess tractor, 41.67 per cent possess bullock cart and 16.67 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 33.33 per cent possess local cow and 33.33 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 11.68 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 2.13.  Further, 2.78 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 58.10 per cent (51.19 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 41.90 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 11.00 live bore wells and 2.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households. 2  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 30.56 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Redgram, Cotton, Greengram, Sorghum and Greengram and cropping intensity was recorded as 97.56 per cent.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Redgram, Cotton, Greengram, Sorghum and Greengram was Rs.27664.31, 39010.47, 28479.44, 25585.40 and 28479.44 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.50, 1: 2.50, 1: 0.90, 1: 0.50 and 1:0.90 respectively.  Further, 50.00 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 50.00 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 139136.11 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 60108.33 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 83 horticulture trees and 185 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Regarding marketing channels, 100.00 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 100.00 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 102.78 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.22 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 100.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 105.71 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (19.44%) and oilseeds (8.33%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (86.11%) wild animal menace on farm field (5.56%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (77.78%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (75.00%), high rate of interest on credit (5.56%), low price for the agricultural commodities (80.56%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (83.33%), inadequate extension services (2.78%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (80.56%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project