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Working paper
Help Yourself, Sell Yourself
SSRN
Working paper
Management Control of European Banks: A Review
Banks are purveyors and manufacturers of money. Banks carry out several functions and there shall be a proper control and supervision. It has primary functions and secondary functions. The primary functions are important functions of banks and the secondary functions are services by banks to public. The banks provide finance functions and it is one of the financial institution of finance sector. All the functions are economic functions and it is blood and nerves of financial system. Any failure of banks directly affects economy and national growth and development. The effective management control of banks protects economy of the nation. The collapse of the banks means that the entire financial system is collapsed.
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ROMANIAN BANKS: GROWTH AND ACHIEVEMENT
The banking system has emerged slowly and steadily over a period of time leading in front the economy of Romania. Many challenges have been obstacles to its development. Certain decisions have benefitted the banks in Romania. There are opportunities which must not be missed. International institutions like European Union, European Central Bank, World Bank and International Monetary Fund have played important roles in the promotion of banks. Still there are challenges and opportunists for the growth and development of banks in Romania.
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MONETARY POLICY OF ROMANIA: A CRITICAL REVIEW
The monetary policy is the backbone of economic system. It is equally important instrument of regulating inflation with or without inflation target. Romania has rightfully adopted to price stability despite the fact that European Union and European Commercial Bank preferred price stability. JM Keynes in his General theory suggested that the monetary policy would be associated with interest rates for credit expansion and contraction for employment and growth. John B Taylor and other economists have opted for other measures including sacrifice of economic growth for inflation targets. The policy mix does play important role in this regard among other options. There are different views on price stability and financial stability while deciding the monetary policy options.
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Association of variants in the SPTLC1 gene with juvenile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Importance Juvenile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rare form of ALS characterized by age of symptom onset less than 25 years and a variable presentation. Objective To identify the genetic variants associated with juvenile ALS. Design, Setting, and Participants In this multicenter family-based genetic study, trio whole-exome sequencing was performed to identify the disease-associated gene in a case series of unrelated patients diagnosed with juvenile ALS and severe growth retardation. The patients and their family members were enrolled at academic hospitals and a government research facility between March 1, 2016, and March 13, 2020, and were observed until October 1, 2020. Whole-exome sequencing was also performed in a series of patients with juvenile ALS. A total of 66 patients with juvenile ALS and 6258 adult patients with ALS participated in the study. Patients were selected for the study based on their diagnosis, and all eligible participants were enrolled in the study. None of the participants had a family history of neurological disorders, suggesting de novo variants as the underlying genetic mechanism. Main Outcomes and Measures De novo variants present only in the index case and not in unaffected family members. Results Trio whole-exome sequencing was performed in 3 patients diagnosed with juvenile ALS and their parents. An additional 63 patients with juvenile ALS and 6258 adult patients with ALS were subsequently screened for variants in the SPTLC1 gene. De novo variants in SPTLC1 (p.Ala20Ser in 2 patients and p.Ser331Tyr in 1 patient) were identified in 3 unrelated patients diagnosed with juvenile ALS and failure to thrive. A fourth variant (p.Leu39del) was identified in a patient with juvenile ALS where parental DNA was unavailable. Variants in this gene have been previously shown to be associated with autosomal-dominant hereditary sensory autonomic neuropathy, type 1A, by disrupting an essential enzyme complex in the sphingolipid synthesis pathway. Conclusions and Relevance These data broaden the phenotype associated with SPTLC1 and suggest that patients presenting with juvenile ALS should be screened for variants in this gene.
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