Suchergebnisse

AbstractWe use the strategy method to conduct laboratory experiments on a nine‐player heterogeneous‐cost voting game. We replicate the underdog and competition effect, but find significantly higher voter turnout rates to be only partially explained by logit quantal response equilibrium. We examine round‐by‐round changes in cut‐off behaviour and find that voters are highly responsive to historical pivotal events. Voters also respond to past winning and tying, but only as a minority (upsetting the majority), demonstrating an 'underdog winning effect', receiving extra utility when winning as a minority. An equilibrium with such asymmetry in utility explains the high minority turnout (and high majority turnout as a best response).

Abstract
Background Absent pupillary reaction occasionally heralds a poor prognosis following severe head injury. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the outcome of all patients who underwent acute evacuation of epidural hematoma (EDH) despite absent bilateral pupillary reaction.
Methods The Trauma Quality Improvement Program (TQIP) database for the calendar years 2017 and 2018 was accessed for the study. Adult patients ≥18 years of age who sustained severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) with the diagnosis of EDH and underwent evacuation of the hematoma were included in the study. The patients' characteristics, injury severity score (ISS), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, midline shift, and comorbidities were compared between patients who had absence of both pupillary reaction (ABPR) and those who presented with presence of both pupillary reaction (PBPR). The primary outcome of the study was in-hospital mortality. Propensity score matching analyses were performed for the study.
Results No significant differences were found between the ABPR and PBPR groups regarding the median age (37 years [interquartile range (IQR): 26–53] vs. 40 years [IQR: 28–55]), gender (males; 81.9 vs. 79.5%), median ISS (29 [25.5–34] vs. 27 [25–33]), GCS score (3 [3–4] vs. 3 [3–3], presence of significant midline shift (75.9 vs. 79.5%), and comorbidities. The patients who presented with ABPR had a significantly higher mortality (34.9 vs. 10.8%; p = 0.002). A higher number of patients were discharged to skilled nursing and rehabilitation facilities (16.7 vs. 10.8% and 46.3 vs. 41.9%, respectively; p = 0.045).
Conclusion Approximately 65% of severe TBI patients survived after the evacuation of the EDH despite the absence of pupillary reaction.

This study investigates the perception of factors that are likely to influence the Internet information relevance of financial institutions. The media richness theory and stakeholder theory point out that the extent of information and stakeholder communication will influence the utilization of online information, while not many of these discussions are associated with financial institutions. This study integrates seven information categories into three constructs: sufficiency, stakeholder communication and external supervision, using a structural equation model to examine whether the three constructs relate to information utilization. The results show that stakeholder communication and external oversight are significantly related to the user's intention to utilize online information of financial institutions, while information sufficiency is not. These findings correspond to stakeholder theory as well as international guidelines that emphasize external oversight of financial institutions.

The study uses Taiwan as an example to explore whether the budget allocation of risk reduction depends on income-related political power. Specifically, we empirically examine the effect of household income on the probability of flooding. Beginning in 2006, the government implemented an 8-year project referred to as the "Regulation Project for Flood-Prone Areas" with a budget of NT$115.9 billion (US$3.86 billion). Over half of the budget was allocated to local authorities in southern Taiwan to help them carry out flood risk mitigation projects. As it was not clear how the local authorities set their priorities in allocating their budgets, this study investigates whether high-income individuals may have used their political influence to influence the budget allocation to improve the flood risk reduction facilities in their communities. Villages, whose average household income was within the top 10 % in the county or city, were selected as high-income villages and assigned to the treatment group, whereas other villages were included in the control group. The results using propensity score matching (PSM) show that the flood probability of the high-income group (13 % and 16.9 %, respectively) was lower than that of low-income group (22 % and 28 %) during Typhoon Morakot and Typhoon Fanapi, suggesting that high-income areas are less prone to flooding, which might stem from their political power.