Suchergebnisse

Timar sistemi klasik dönem (1300-1600) Osmanlı askeri teşkilatının temel çekirdeğini oluşturmaktadır. Dirlik sistemi olarak da anılan bu teşkilatın tahrir uygulamasıyla doğrudan ilişkisi bulunuyordu. Osmanlı Devleti bir bölgenin fethini müteakip, bölgeye bir kadı ve subaşı tayin ederek ilk idari teşkilatı kurar, hemen akabinde ise bölgenin tahririni gerçekleştirirdi. Tahrir sayesinde bölgede mevcut olan gelir ve nüfus hakkında bilgi sahibi olurdu. Tahrir sonrasında bölgenin gelirleri padişah hasları, vakıflar varsa mülkler, beylerbeyi veya sancak beyi hasları ile timarlı sipahiler arasında paylaştırırdı. Tahrir yapıldıktan sonra mufassal ve icmal olmak üzere iki defter tutulurdu. Karahisar-ı Şarki sancağı, 1565-1575 yılları arasında Trabzon Sancakbeyi Ömer Bey tarafından tahrir edilmiştir. Bu tahririn sonucunda bölgenin gelirleri, has, zeamet, timarlar, malikane ve vakıflar arasında tevzi edilmiştir. Savaş düzeninde kanatlarda yer alan timarlı sipahiler çevik, manevra kabiliyeti yüksek zırhlı atlı askerlerdi. Bununla birlikte barış dönemlerinde de bir çok farklı görevde işgücü olarak kullanılmışlardır. Bu tez çalışmasında 1565-1575 yılları arasında Karahisar-ı Şarki sancağının timar teşkilatı, timarlı sipahilerin tayinleri, azilleri, gelir türleri ve miktarları, menşeleri, görevleri ile meydana gelen savaşların timar düzeni üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. ; Ottoman state, immediately after conquering a region, constituted primary administrative institutions naming a judge (kadı) and a commander for detachments of timar-holding soldiers (subaşı), and then executed a tahrir of the region. By means of tahrir, the state gathered information about demography and revenue typologies of the region. After tahrir process, revenues of the region were distributed among has of the sultan, if any endowment (vakıf) existed mulks, has of beylerbeyi and sancakbeyi and timar-holding sipahis. Tahrirs were documented as two defters; detailed one (mufassal type) and summary one (icmal type). The sub-province (sancak) of Karahisar-ı Şarki's tahrir was conducted by Trabzon sancakbeyi (governor of a sanjak) Ömer Bey between 1565-1575. According to information gathered by this tahrir, revenues of Karahisar-ı Şarki were distributed to has, zeamet, timars, malikane and vakıfs. Timar system was the very core institution of Ottoman military construction during classical age (1300-1600). Timar-holder sipahis were agile, armored and mounted troops with high maneuver capacity placed at wings of the army in battle array. In peace times these sipahis were also used for several other duties. In this study, timar institution of the sancak of Karahisar-ı Şarki between 1565-1575, appointments and depositions of its timar-holder sipahis and influence of wars of the period over timar organization of the region will be analysed.

Background: There is not enough information regarding the participation in the working life of the patients with schizophrenia in Turkey. Aims: The aim of this study was to examine the occupational experiences of patients with schizophrenia before and after the illness and to investigate the factors that predict work participation. Methods: The data on occupational life of the patients with schizophrenia, which were treated as outpatients in six different centers, were examined. The rates of participation in working life before and after the disease were evaluated. Patients with and without occupational life history after the disease were compared in terms of demographic characteristics. Factors predicting participation in work life after the disease were analyzed by logistic regression analysis. Results: Out of the 587 patients evaluated in the study, 73% were males, 73% were single, the mean age was 42, mean level of education was 9 years and the average duration of illness was 18 years. The duration of the employment before the disease was higher than that after the disease regarding expected working time. The rate of employment was 11% currently, 14% in the last year, 62% after the disease and 83% for the lifetime. While the factors that predicted to be in working life after the illness were male gender (odds ratio (OR) = 2.9), diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder (OR = 2.6), high level of education (OR = 1.2) and employment history before the onset of the illness (OR = 1.0), only the shorter duration of illness (OR = 1.1) predicted the current working status when the gender variable was excluded. Conclusion: Rate of employment of patients with schizophrenia living in Turkey was low as in other countries. Good premorbid functioning seems to determine participation in occupational life after the illness.