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This article is based on a dissertation for a master's degree in Hispanic studies. It deals with the translation into Spanish of the section about Colombia from the Nouvelle géographie universelle by the French geographer Élisée Reclus. This translation, titled Colombia, was made by the Colombian geographer Francisco Javier Vergara y Velasco, just after the publication of the original in 1893. This study aims to restore the protagonists and the stakes involved in this translation process in their historic context, in a time when illusions of national unity of the nascent American countries were manifested, for example, in focusing on geographic works. The figure of the geographer-translator is here considered more as a subject that has left its mark, especially as a geographer in this translation-rewriting, than just a bridge between languages. ; El presente artículo surge de una tesina presentada para la obtención de un diploma de maestría en Estudios Hispánicos. Aborda la traducción al español de la parte correspondiente a Colombia en la obra del geógrafo francés Élisée Reclus: Nouvelle géographie universelle. Dicha traducción, titulada Colombia, fue realizada por el geógrafo colombiano Francisco Javier Vergara y Velasco, precisamente después de la publicación del original en 1893. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo dar algunos elementos claves para restituir a los protagonistas y los desafíos de este proceso de traducción en su contexto histórico, en una época en la que las ilusiones de unidad nacional de los países americanos nacientes se manifestaban, por ejemplo, en el interés que círculos intelectuales y políticos prestaban a los trabajos geográficos. Así, se trata de destacar la figura del geógrafo-traductor, pues más que un simple intermediario ente lenguas, se debe considerar como un sujeto que marcó con su huella, particularmente como geógrafo, esta traducción. ; Cet article est issu d'un mémoire pour l'obtention d'un diplôme de master en études hispaniques. Il aborde la traduction à l'espagnol de la partie traitant de la Colombie dans l'œuvre du géographe français Élisée Reclus : Nouvelle géographie universelle. Cette traduction, intitulée Colombia, a été faite par le géographe colombien Francisco Javier Vergara y Velasco, juste après la parution de l'original en 1893. Cette étude vise à donner quelques éléments clés pour restituer les protagonistes et les enjeux de ce processus de traduction dans leur contexte historique, à une époque où les illusions d'unité nationale des pays américains naissants se manifestaient, par exemple, dans l'intérêt que des cercles intellectuels et politiques portaient à des travaux géographiques. La figure du géographe-traducteur est donc ici mise en relief car, plus qu'un simple relais entre langues, il est considéré comme un sujet qui a marqué de son empreinte, surtout en tant que géographe, cette traduction

Mainstreaming between podiatry practice and podiatry studies is needed. Podiatry practice evolution in Spain has allowed this medical discipline to obtain its own academic, institutional and legislative framework to increase and improve professional decisions in the podiatric medical practice. For that reason, there is a great interest and relevancy on emergencies and urgencies education in podiatry clinical and welfare activity. It is an essential component, the different and inherent risk conditions of welfare activity require to give an immediate, accurate and sure response that protects people life. Podiatry faculties could and should establish joint actions that integrate on an effective way the complexity and multiplicity of vital situations that the podiatric activity involves, as well as to establish strategic plans in the activity of professional podiatrists that come together in an improvement of graduates.

"Georg Lukács's philosophy of praxis, penned between 1918 and 1928, remains a revolutionary and apocryphal presence within Marxism. His History and Class Consciousness has inspired a century of rapture and reprobation, perhaps, as Gillian Rose suggested, because of its 'invitation to hermeneutic anarchy'. In Lukács: Praxis and the Absolute, Daniel Andrés López radicalises Lukács's famous return to Hegel by reassembling his 1920s philosophy as a conceptual-historical totality. This speculative reading defends Lukács while proposing an unprecedented, immanent critique. While Lukács's concept of praxis approaches the shape of Hegel's Absolute, it tragically fails to bear its weight. However, as López argues, Lukács's failure was productive: it raises crucial political, methodological and philosophical questions for Marxism, offering to redeem a lost century"--

The argument in Lukács: Praxis and the Absolute (López, 2019) suggests that Lukács' attempt to supersede Hegel failed. Ironically, Lukács' concept of praxis reproduces the logical structure of Hegel's bad infinity, concealing its own finite historical origins in October 1917 (and Lukács' philosophical reflection thereupon) while also mystifying the conceptual-logical content of praxis itself. In short, Lukács' concept of praxis is a mythology that relapses into the antinomies he identified and criticized in others. If Lukács' philosophy of praxis is critically reconstructed in light of Hegel's speculative understanding of the infinite and the finite, Lukács' concept of praxis may be recovered and reconstituted on a more rational basis. The resulting speculative concept of praxis makes it possible to overcome the interrelated pitfalls of nihilism and dogmatic positivity that Lukács referred to via Heraclitus. Further, this will assist the development of a more reflective, critical Marxist Hegelian concept of praxis that may better orient socialist practice and contribute to the reformation of Marxism that Gillian Rose called for in Hegel Contra Sociology (Rose, 2009).

Esta tesis doctoral analiza desde una perspectiva crítica, estructural e interdisciplinar el sistema de medios de comunicación, la estructura mediática, en el periodo 1975-1989, que abarca la Transición Española y la consolidación democrática. La unión de los campos de investigación de la Estructura de la Información y la Historia del Periodismo, pero también la Historia, permite observar cómo los medios de comunicación pertenecen a un engranaje con alta presencia de las élites económicas y políticas. Esto es especialmente relevante en un contexto de democratización, en el paso de una dictadura a una democracia liberal. A través de una metodología basada en el enfoque estructural, esta tesis doctoral observa las conexiones que se trazan desde los accionistas de las principales siete empresas periodísticas de España (Prensa Española, Grupo Godó, Editorial Católica, Grupo Correo, Grupo PRISA, Grupo 16 y Grupo Zeta) en el periodo con empresas ajenas a la comunicación, cargos políticos, otras empresas periodísticas, la monarquía y con el franquismo y la Guerra Civil. De esta manera, es posible comprender la posición de la estructura mediática en su interacción con otras estructuras en el Poder. Los resultados reflejan que la élite mediática, la élite económica y la élite política es la misma, pues están en continua interacción y existen figuras con una buena posición en las tres, por lo que es difícil discernir dónde empieza una y dónde acaba otra. Además de ello, el accionariado de los medios de comunicación refleja una gran sintonía con la opción reformista como modelo transicional, lo que explica el apoyo que los medios otorgaron a la Transición Española y la debilidad en la crítica a premisas básicas del nuevo tiempo. ; This doctoral thesis analyzes from a critical, structural and interdisciplinary perspective the media system, the media structure, in the period 1975-1989, which encompasses the Spanish Transition and democratic consolidation. The union of the research fields of the Structure of Information and ...

El presente trabajo de investigación refleja un estudio focalizado en analizar los cambios y mejoras en el diseño de la formación permanente del profesorado de educación escolar que aporta la introducción de dicho programa transnacional en comparación con acciones previas. Como parte del marco teórico inicial, partiendo de una revisión pormenorizada del desarrollo histórico y legislativo de la formación permanente del profesorado en nuestro país teniendo en cuenta sobre todo el aspecto descentralizado de la cuestión en la actualidad, realizamos un estudio histórico y descriptivo del programa Erasmus+ en su primera edición (2014-2020) y las diferentes acciones que lo conforman. Centrándonos sobre todo en el aspecto específico escolar y sobre todo en la acción KA1 cuyo desarrollo enfatiza la formación permanente en el exterior de los docentes y cómo esta acción supone un gran impulso y mejora de otras acciones formativas que desde tiempo atrás se consideraban beneficiosas. En cuanto al aspecto de la investigación, desarrollamos un estudio empírico a nivel nacional tomando como referencia dos muestras distintas de la población docente: aquellos que han participado en el programa y recibido esa formación además de los formadores de formadores (en este caso representados por los asesores de formación) de los diferentes centros de profesores de las distintas comunidades y ciudades autónomas. Con una metodología enmarcada en la investigación de naturaleza descriptiva, se analizan aspectos varios relativos a la formación permanente enfatizándose en la ofrecida a través de la internacionalización mediante los proyectos Erasmus+ y utilizándose como instrumento de recogida de datos el cuestionario. Finalmente, es importante resaltar que, aunque el programa Erasmus+ haya estado presente en estudios e investigaciones diversas. Los textos y publicaciones han estado centrados en los niveles universitarios del mismo independientemente del perfil a tratar: docente o estudiante. En este sentido, este trabajo pretende ser uno de los primeros en tratar la temática en los niveles educativos previos a la universidad y favorecer la producción de futuros estudios en este campo. ; This research plan reflects the starting point of a study focused on analysing the changes and improvements in the design of schoolteachers' training after the introduction of this transnational programme compared to previous actions. As part of the initial theoretical framework, we start with a detailed review of the historical and legislative development of permanent teacher training in Spain considering the decentralized aspect of the topic today. Followed by an historical and descriptive study of the Erasmus+ program in its first edition (2014-2020) and its different actions. Focusing mainly on the specific part dedicated to schools/high schools and especially on the KA1 action that emphasizes teacher permanent training internationally and how this action has changed and greatly improve other national training actions carried out before that were considered beneficial. The aspect of the research is reviewed developing a study at national level taking as reference two different samples of the teaching population: those who have participated in the programme and received the training, in addition to the trainers of trainers, in this case represented by the training advisors in different teacher training centres of different regions in Spain. With a methodology focused on a descriptive research, various aspects related to permanent training are analyzed, emphasizing those offered through internationalization conducting Erasmus+ projects, and using a questionnaire as the data collection instrument. Finally, it is important to highlight that, although the Erasmus+ program has been present in various studies and research. Texts and publications have been concentrated on the university levels regardless of the profile to be treated: teacher or student. This work aims to be one of the first to deal with the subject at those educational levels prior to university to favor the production of future studies about it. ; Tesis Univ. Granada.

La concentración mediática es uno de los aspectos que causa una mayor amenaza al mundo del periodismo. Son grandes y pocas las empresas propietarias, que aglutinan muchos medios de comunicación distintos: diversidad de oferta, pero no pluralismo. Asimismo, estos grandes conglomerados mediáticos hacen de la información un control de la opinión pública cercano a sus intereses de la economía de mercado, puesto que la información es sólo uno de sus negocios. El presente artículo pretende describir, en primer lugar, los principales conglomerados mediáticos de Colombia; y, en segundo, sus conexiones internacionales, así como la presencia internacional en las fronteras colombianas en su mundo mediático. Las conclusiones muestran que Colombia presenta un panorama similar al del contexto neoliberal internacional, en conexión con raíces imperialistas históricas, que provoca una fuerte concentración de poder. ; Media concentration is one of the greatest threats to journalism. Few and big companies own a lot of different mass media platforms: diversity of offer, but no pluralism. These media conglomerates take control of public opinion through information. This control is close to their neoliberal interests, because the flow of information is just one more of their bussiness interests. The present paper shows a description of the main Colombian media companies. Then, we show their international connections, and the latter's presence in Colombian mediatic situation. The conclusions show that Colombia presents a similar scene to the international neoliberal context, in connection with historical imperialist States, that provoques a strong concentration of power. ; A concentração dos meios de comunicação em mãos de algumas poucas e grandes empresas é uma das maiores ameaças ao jornalismo, oferecendo diversidade em lugar de pluralidade. Além disso, esses grandes conglomerados de mídia fazem uso da informação como forma de controle da opinião pública a favor dos seus interesses econômicos, transformando assim a informação em outro mais de seus negócios. Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo, em um primeiro momento, expor de forma descritiva os principais conglomerados de mídias colombianos. E na sequência, estabelecer as conexões internacionais dos mesmos, assim como, a presença internacional nas fronteiras colombianas no seu âmbito midiático. As conclusões demonstram que a Colômbia apresenta um panorama semelhante ao do contexto neoliberal internacional, em conexão com as raízes imperialistas históricas, causando uma forte concentração de poder.

ilustraciones, gráficas, tablas ; La profesión jurídica en Colombia está pobremente regulada, lo que ha permitido el crecimiento de forma desproporcionada del número de abogados. En este contexto desregulado, las formas de circulación público-privadas generan incentivos para que el abogado sea considerado no solo por su experticia, sino por su capacidad de influencia. Los abogados, así considerados, pueden ser la piedra angular para la obtención de ventajas en la esfera pública a partir de ventajas que pertenecen a la esfera privada. Lo anterior tiene costos no solo para la profesión, sino para la calidad del régimen democrático en general. A partir del análisis de 432 laudos proferidos en el Centro de Arbitraje y Conciliación de la Cámara de Comercio de Bogotá, se intentó ejemplificar el estado de la profesión en una forma de concomitancia público privado, pues los árbitros ejercen solo transitoriamente la función público-jurisdiccional. (Texto tomado de la fuente) ; The legal profession in Colombia is poorly regulated, which has allowed the number of lawyers to grow disproportionately. In this deregulated context, the ways of public-private circulation generate incentives for the lawyer to be considered not only for his expertise, but also for his ability to influence. Lawyers, thus considered, can be the cornerstone for obtaining advantages in the public sphere from advantages that belong to the private sphere. This has costs not only for the profession, but for the quality of the democratic regime in general. Based on the analysis of 432 awards dictated at the Arbitration and Conciliation Center of the Bogotá Chamber of Commerce, an attempt was made to exemplify the status of the profession in a form of public-private concomitance, since the arbitrators only temporarily exercise the public-jurisdictional function. ; Maestría ; Magíster en Derecho

I reconstruct Lukács's immanent critique of German Idealism, found within his essay 'Reification and the Consciousness of the Proletariat' (in History and Class Consciousness), in order to foreground his philosophical reflection on the concepts of mediation, logic, genesis and praxis. I situate this reflection within his philosophy of praxis as a whole before highlighting the dialectical development of these terms within it. They are posited initially as abstract, methodological demands and are subsequently concretised and enriched, via Lukács's critical evaluation of the antinomies he discovers in Kant, Fichte, Schelling and Hegel. My reconstruction is both exegetical and critical. I demonstrate that Lukács's concept of praxis (as the culmination of mediation, logic and genesis) is explicitly intended to both bear the weight of Hegel's Absolute and overcome it. On this basis, I propose a novel immanent critique of Lukács's philosophy of praxis, suggesting that while Lukács wishes his concept of praxis to express a living, present and ontologically novel truth, his insight is won – in the fashion of Hegelian philosophy – after the historical event upon which it is built, as a philosophical reflection. Lukács's self-contradiction is that while he regards his philosophy of praxis as having overcome speculative, Hegelian philosophy, in fact, the position he generates remains firmly but unconsciously within it. Consequently, Lukács's philosophy of praxis possesses a theological dimension and must be regarded as an example of the kind of 'conceptual mythology' he sought to overcome.

Worldwide, biological diversity is declining at an unprecedented rate. Current environmental changes are causing water, ecological and biodiversity crises that, coupled with climate change, are affecting landscape patterns and sustainable development efforts. Thus, anthropogenic pressures are changing the world's landscapes in pervasive ways. Additionally, these anthropogenic pressures on the natural landscape have been associated with changes in landscape and to the ecological condition of freshwater ecosystems. Therefore, freshwater ecosystems, particularly rivers, must be examined in detail, and it is important to consider their relationship with terrestrial ecosystems, particularly the "transitional land-water" ecosystems (i.e. the riparian channel). This is particularly important for developing countries given to their ecosystems are constantly threatened by anthropogenic activities. Additionally, the lack of research, proper legislation and management hinders the restoration and conservation plans for their freshwater ecosystems. Within this context, the overarching goal of this PhD thesis is to evaluate the ecological status of the Pesquería River and assess the effects of landscape degradation along its riparian channel. Since changes in landscape composition can significantly affect a riparian channel, we aimed to evaluate how said changes can also impact biological quality and subsequently affect the ecological integrity of a river ecosystem. We focused into provide simple and reliable methods to define the ecological status and discern the effects of landscape degradation on the ecological state of the Pesquería River using a variety of tools for diagnosis and monitoring. On this PhD thesis we explored land-use cover/change dynamics (LUCCD) in the riparian channel also we describe the land use processes in the riparian zone during the period 1976-2016 in order to ascertain whether land use dynamics can provide useful information about the current ecological status of a riparian zone (Chapter 1). ...

[eng] Worldwide, biological diversity is declining at an unprecedented rate. Current environmental changes are causing water, ecological and biodiversity crises that, coupled with climate change, are affecting landscape patterns and sustainable development efforts. Thus, anthropogenic pressures are changing the world's landscapes in pervasive ways. Additionally, these anthropogenic pressures on the natural landscape have been associated with changes in landscape and to the ecological condition of freshwater ecosystems. Therefore, freshwater ecosystems, particularly rivers, must be examined in detail, and it is important to consider their relationship with terrestrial ecosystems, particularly the "transitional land-water" ecosystems (i.e. the riparian channel). This is particularly important for developing countries given to their ecosystems are constantly threatened by anthropogenic activities. Additionally, the lack of research, proper legislation and management hinders the restoration and conservation plans for their freshwater ecosystems. Within this context, the overarching goal of this PhD thesis is to evaluate the ecological status of the Pesquería River and assess the effects of landscape degradation along its riparian channel. Since changes in landscape composition can significantly affect a riparian channel, we aimed to evaluate how said changes can also impact biological quality and subsequently affect the ecological integrity of a river ecosystem. We focused into provide simple and reliable methods to define the ecological status and discern the effects of landscape degradation on the ecological state of the Pesquería River using a variety of tools for diagnosis and monitoring. On this PhD thesis we explored land-use cover/change dynamics (LUCCD) in the riparian channel also we describe the land use processes in the riparian zone during the period 1976-2016 in order to ascertain whether land use dynamics can provide useful information about the current ecological status of a riparian zone (Chapter 1). Additionally, we evaluated the riparian forest quality of the Pesquería River (Chapter 2) using an adaptation of the riparian forest quality index (QBR), modifying it for the specific local conditions (QBR-RNMX). Finally, we investigate how the macroinvertebrate communities in the Pesquería River are affected by different land use covers and assess their potential use as bioindicators to evaluate the ecological status of Mexican semi-arid rivers with similar conditions (Chapter 3). On this PhD thesis we demonstrated that LUCCD analysis at riparian channel level should be viewed as a key tool for the improvement of conservation policies targeting freshwater ecosystems in Mexico. We remark the importance of consider the riparian buffer width as an ecosystem, not as a federal area, in order to protect the freshwater ecosystems in Mexico. We corroborated the efficiency of the adaptation of the QBR-RNMX also we recommend the application of the index annually to evaluate the riparian forest's quality, and to assess its ecological status. This may be used for the establishment of restoration plans in high-impact zones and contingency plans to eliminate invasive species along the Pesquería River. This PhD thesis has provided eleven biological metrics and thirty-two representative taxa that can be used as bioindicators in future research. However, more studies, and especially the relationship of this index with the river pressures are necessary to establish an index for the Pesquería River in the future. Furthermore, in the general discussion we propose a macroinvertebrate-based index (BMWP-system) as a first step for the evaluation of the ecological status of the river. Finally, this thesis highlights the lack of research and the bad current ecological status of the Pesquería River. Our findings suggest the creation of a Mexican framework similar to the European Water Framework Directive, where the ecological quality of the river should be the main objective of riparian ecosystems recovery. ; [spa] A nivel mundial, la diversidad biológica está disminuyendo a un ritmo sin precedentes. Los cambios ambientales actuales están causando crisis hídricas, ecológicas y de biodiversidad que, junto con el cambio climático, están afectando los patrones del paisaje y los esfuerzos de desarrollo sostenible. Por lo tanto, las presiones antropogénicas están cambiando los paisajes del mundo de manera generalizada. Además, estas presiones antropogénicas en el paisaje natural se han asociado con cambios en el paisaje y en las condiciones ecológicas de los ecosistemas de agua dulce. Esto es importante para los países en desarrollo, dado que sus ecosistemas están amenazados por actividades antropogénicas. Además, la falta de investigación, legislación y gestión dificultan los planes de restauración y conservación de sus ecosistemas de agua dulce. En este contexto, el objetivo general de esta tesis doctoral es evaluar el estado ecológico del río Pesquería y evaluar los efectos de la degradación del paisaje a lo largo de su canal ribereño. En esta tesis doctoral demostramos que el análisis de dinámicas de uso de suelo a nivel de los canales ribereños debe verse como una herramienta para la mejora de los ecosistemas acuáticos en México. Observamos la importancia de considerar el ancho del amortiguador ribereño como un ecosistema, no como un área federal, para proteger los ecosistemas acuáticos de México. Corroboramos la eficiencia de la adaptación del QBR-RNMX para usarse en el establecimiento de planes de restauración y contingencia para eliminar especies invasoras del río Pesquería. Esta tesis doctoral proporcionó once métricas biológicas y treinta y dos taxones representativos que pueden usarse como bioindicadores en futuras investigaciones. Sin embargo, se necesitan más estudios, y especialmente la relación de este índice con las presiones del río para establecer un índice para el río Pesquería en el futuro. Además, en la discusión general, proponemos un índice basado en macroinvertebrados como un primer paso para la evaluación del estado ecológico del río. Finalmente, nuestros hallazgos sugieren la creación de un marco mexicano similar a la Directiva Marco del Agua Europea, donde la calidad ecológica del río debería ser el objetivo principal de la recuperación de los ecosistemas ribereños.

Este trabajo da cuenta de la etapa exploratoria del proyecto "Formación ciudadana para la interculturalidad y la ciudadanía diferenciada. El acompañamiento de promotores de los derechos indígenas y la democracia activa solidaria"; que se propone contrastar los valores de la ciudadanía liberal, con los del ejercicio de ciudadanía en el ámbito comunitario y la democracia directa que comunidades totonacas practican en los municipios de Zozocolco y Espinal, Veracruz.El texto pretende empezar a responder a una de las preguntas de investigación del proyecto: ¿Qué tipo de valores y principios deben ser incluidos, como contenidos, en una formación ciudadana que contribuya a la ciudadanía diferenciada? Se reflexiona sobre las implicaciones del concepto de valores, haciendo énfasis en el de confianza. Se hace un breve recuento de los valores practicados por los totonacos, según algunos autores, para luego, analizar la forma en que los valores orientan la acción social de los individuos durante los procesos de organización comunitaria.Palabras clave: Valores, Confianza, Solidaridad, Participación, Organización comunitaria Values and forms of community organization for territorial management in the Totonacapan veracruzanoSummaryThis work gives an account of the exploratory stage of the project "Citizen education for interculturality and differentiated citizenship. The accompaniment of promoters of indigenous rights and solidary active democracy "; which aims to contrast the values of liberal citizenship, with those of the exercise of citizenship in the community and direct democracy that Totonac communities practice in the municipalities of Zozocolco and Espinal, Veracruz.The text intends to start responding to one of the research questions of the project: What kind of values and principles should be included, as contents, in a citizen education that contributes to differentiated citizenship? It is reflected on the implications of the concept of values, emphasizing that of trust. A brief recount of the values practiced by the Totonacs is made, according to some authors, to then analyze the way in which the values guide the social action of the individuals during the processes of community organization.Keywords: Values, Trust, Solidarity, Participation, Community organization Des valeurs et des formes d'organisation communautaire pour la gestion territoriale dans le totonacapan à Veracruz RésuméCe travail rend compte de l'étape exploratoire du projet « Formation citoyenne pour l'interculturalité et la citoyenneté différenciée. L'accompagnement des promoteurs des droits indigènes et la démocratie active solidaire » ; qui a l'objectif de comparer les valeurs de la citoyenneté libérale, avec ceux des exercices de citoyenneté dans le domaine communautaire et la démocratie directe que les communautés totonacas pratiquent dans les municipalités de Zozocolco et Espinal, Veracruz.Le texte a l'intention de commencer à répondre à une des questions de recherche du projet : Quel type de valeurs et principes doivent être inclus, comme contenus, dans une formation citoyenne qui contribue à la citoyenneté différenciée ? On y réfléchit à propos les implications du concept des valeurs en mettant l'emphase sur celui de la confiance. On y fait un bref décompte des valeurs pratiquées par les totonacos selon quelques auteurs, pour après analyser la forme dans laquelle les valeurs orientent l'action sociale des individus pendant les processus d'organisation communautaire.Mots clés: Valeurs, Confiance, Solidarité, Participation, Organisation Communautaire.