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El absentismo escolar es un factor de riesgo para la exclusión y la desigualdad, constituyendo un reto para los sistemas educativos europeos. Se realiza un análisis sobre el afrontamiento de este problema social en Andalucía (España). Los objetivos son los siguientes: (1) revisar el marco jurídico y normativo; (2) describir los niveles de intervención territoriales y administrativos; (3) examinar las novedades introducidas; y, (4) realizar propuestas de futuro. Este modelo asume un planteamiento coherente con las directrices europeas. Se concluye que la estrategia desarrollada puede ser un marco de referencia exportable a otros territorios. ; Truancy is a risk factor for exclusion and inequality, and constitutes a priority challenge for the European educational systems. This paper examines the approach of this social problem in Andalusia (Spain). The objectives pursued are as follow: (1) review legal and regulatory framework; (2) describe the territorial and administrative levels of intervention; (3) examine the novelties of the strategy; and (4) suggest improvement proposals for the future. This model is coherent with the guidelines formulated from Europe. We can conclude that the developed strategy may be an innovative framework of reference exportable to other territories.
We would like to thank the hunters of the municipality of Montefrio for their support in the study. This study was funded by the Project, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid and Feder Funds for Regional Development from the European Union, "One way to make Europe". Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Granada/CBVA. ; There is limited information regarding the role of wild mammals in the transmission dynamics of Leishmania infantum. A potential human leishmaniasis hot spot was detected in southern Spain that could not be explained solely by canine leishmaniasis prevalence. The aim of this work was to analyse the involvement of wild rabbits as the main factor affecting this Mediterranean hot spot. A survey of wild rabbits, dogs and sand flies was conducted in the human cases environment. A nearby region without clinical leishmaniasis cases was used as reference control. 51 wild rabbits shot by hunters were analysed by molecular techniques. 1100 sand flies were captured and morphologically identified. Blood collected from patients' relatives/ neighbours (n = 9) and dogs (n = 66) was used for molecular analysis and serology. In Mediterranean leishmaniasis hot spots such as Montefrío municipality (average incidence of 16.8 human cases per 100,000 inhabitants/year), wild rabbits (n = 40) support high L. infantum infection rates (100%) and heavy parasite burdens (average value: 503 parasites/mg) in apparently normal ear skin directly accessible to sand flies, enabling the existence of heavily parasitized Phlebotomus perniciosus females (12.5% prevalence). The prevalence of infection and median parasite load were very low among rabbits captured in Hu´escar (n = 11), a human clinical leishmaniasis-free area for the last 18 years. P. perniciosus was the most abundant Phlebotomus species in all the domestic/peridomestic microhabitats sampled, both indoors and outdoors. Accordingly, leishmaniasis is clustering in space and time at this local scale represented by Montefrío due to the proximity of two competent host reservoirs (dogs and heavily parasitized wild rabbits) associated with overlapping sylvatic and domestic transmission cycles through the main vector, P. perniciosus. We highlight the usefulness of determining the prevalence of infection and parasite burden in wild rabbits as a control leishmaniasis measure with the advantage that the use of the ear offers. ; Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid ; Feder Funds for Regional Development from the European Union, "One way to make Europe" ; Universidad de Granada/CBVA
