Suchergebnisse

22 páginas.- 2 figuras.- 3 tablas.- 57 referencias ; Portable XRF spectrometry (pXRF) has recently undergone significant technological improvements and is being applied in a wide range of studies. Despite pXRF advantages, this technique has rarely been used to characterize organic amendments and residues. This article reviews those studies undertaken to date in which pXRF is used to characterize these products. Published studies show that pXRF correctly measures elements such as Fe, Pb, Zn, Mn, Ca, and K but gives conflicting results for elements such as Cr, Ni, and As. Among the reasons that may cause the low performance of the technique with certain elements or under certain measurement conditions would be the inadequacy of the analytical comparison procedures used (i.e., digestion with aqua regia), the lack of knowledge of the interfering effects of organic matter, and sample moisture on the XRF signals and the need for a standardized protocol for performing the measurements. However, the speed and low cost of the procedure forecast a greater future use of this technique, especially in cooperation with other fast spectroscopic techniques based on near-infrared (NIRS) or mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopies. Chemometric procedures based on one or more of these techniques will allow the prediction of elements below the detection limit of pXRF instruments (Cd, Hg), or other properties of organic amendments (organic matter, N, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity). ; This research was funded by European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme: Grant agreement No 862695, Project EJP Soil ProbeField. ; Peer reviewed

4 páginas.-- 4 tablas.-- 4 referencias.-- Comunicación presentada en el III Congreso Iberoamericano de Quimica y Fisica Ambiental, Tlaxcala, (México) 6-10 Octubre de 2003 ; Nuestra sociedad genera actualmente una gran cantidad y variedad de residuos de diversos orígenes, algunos de ellos con una producción ascendente, y cuya acumulación puede crear diversos problemas ambientales. En Andalucía, la cantidad de Residuos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU) producidos en 1998 fue de 3.147.394 Tm, la de biosólidos de Estaciones Depuradoras de Aguas Residuales (EDAR) fue en 1995 de 105.000 toneladas de materia fresca. Por el momento, el destino de la mayor parte de estos residuos ha sido la incineración y los vertederos. Diversas normas legislativas, tanto a nivel de la Unión Europea (Directiva 1999/31/CE) como de España (Plan Nacional de Residuos Urbanos, Plan Nacional de Lodos de Depuradora) establecen estrategias para reducir los residuos biodegradables destinados a vertederos: a partir del año 2006, el 50% de la fracción orgánica de los RSU y el 20 % de los biosólidos deben ser tratados mediante compostaje. ; Este trabajo ha sido realizado en el marco del proyecto LIFE00ENV/E/000543 "Procesos de co-compostaje y aplicación de sus productos en paisajismo, reforestación, cultivos forestales y agrícolas en Andalucía". ; Peer reviewed

7 páginas.-- 4 figuras.-- 4 tablas.-- 44 referencias.-- Supplementary data associated with this article can be found, in the online version, at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.09.039. ; The composting process produces and emits hundreds of different gases. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can provide information about progress of composting process. This paper is focused on the qualitative and quantitative relationships between compost age, as sign of compost maturity, electronic-nose (e-nose) patterns and composition of compost and composting gas at an industrial scale plant. Gas and compost samples were taken at different depths from composting windrows of different ages. Temperature, classical chemical parameters, O2, CO, combustible gases, VOCs and e-nose profiles were determined and related using principal component analysis (PCA). Factor analysis carried out to a data set including compost physical–chemical properties, pile pore gas composition and composting time led to few factors, each one grouping together standard composting parameters in an easy to understand way. PCA obtained from e-nose profiles allowed the classifying of piles, their aerobic–anaerobic condition, and a rough estimation of the composting time. That would allow for immediate and in-situ assessment of compost quality and maturity by using an on-line e-nose. The e-nose patterns required only 3–4 sensor signals to account for a great percentage (97–98%) of data variance. The achieved patterns both from compost (chemical analysis) and gas (e-nose analysis) samples are robust despite the high variability in feedstock characteristics (3 different materials), composting conditions and long composting time. GC–MS chromatograms supported the patterns. ; This work was supported by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad – European Regional Development Fund, European Union (Project CTQ2013-46804-C2-1R). The authors wish to thank NATURPLANT for their kind cooperation and Mr. Chris Wilkes for the English revision of the manuscript. ; No

19 páginas.-- 5 figuras.-- 8 tablas.-- 2 referencias.-- Supplemental data for this article can be accessed https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/suppl/10.1080/01448765.2019.1590234?scroll=top ; Sources of heavy metal pollution in vegetables can be varied. The focus of this study was to determine the factors affecting trace metal pollution in soils and vegetables that are grown on community urban and periurban organic farms in Spain. The results showed that soil and dust deposition affected plant composition more than other anthropogenic sources, such as traffic loads. Lettuce and broad bean samples collected from one urban farm showed high concentrations of crustal metals Fe, Ca, Mn and Cr, which was thought be due to Saharan dust deposition. The build-up of soil Cu concentration, due to the use of Cu-based fungicide over a long term, was observed on the farm where vegetables had been grown over a long period of time. On the same farm, concentrations of Pb in the soil and the vegetables were noted to be at levels that could pose a risk to human health and/or the environment and this was concluded to be due to the random and uncontrolled disposal of demolition waste containing lead-based white paints. The increased risks for consumers due to these different sources of pollution acting simultaneously demonstrated the need for careful selection of urban soils intended for agricultural use. Soil organic matter counteracted Pb availability, hence organic management and intensive use of organic amendments were recommended for urban farms. Abbreviation: SOM- Soil organic matter. ; This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness and the European Regional Development Fund, European Union (Project CGL2016-76498-R). The authors wish to thank the anonymous farmers for their kind cooperation, the anonymous reviewers and the editor for their valuable comments ; Peer reviewed

10 pages, 9 figures, 3 tables, 45 references. ; In this study, a biofiltration system was designed using mature composts of municipal solid waste (MSW) or MSW mixed with pruning residues (MSW-P) as packing materials to treat vapours of α-pinene (a dominant volatile organic compounds (VOC) emitted during the MSW-P co-composting). Monitoring the efficiency of the biofiltration system was carried out using a photoionization analyser, a commercial electronic nose (e-nose) and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Using an EBRT of 66. s, removal efficiencies for both kinds of biofilters were greater than 90% removal at different stages of the experiment. The acclimatisation periods were 10 and 25. days for the MSW biofilter and MSW-P biofilter, respectively. Removal efficiency of the system was strongly dependent upon the moisture content of the packing materials. As moisture content in the biofilters fell to below 66% for the MSW and 51% (dry basis) for MSW-P, the removal efficiency decreased to less than 90%. E-nose and GC/MS data indicate a complete degradation of the α-pinene. The e-nose detected a characteristical background emission (odour fingerprint) of each type of biofilter. Results suggest that e-nose's will become a more powerful tool for monitoring VOCs in biofiltration and composting processes in the future. ; This work was carried out within the project CTM2007-62117/ TECNO, financially supported by the CICYT (Science, technology Inter Ministerial commission, Spanish Government-co-financed FEDER). Cabeza I.O. held a CSIC-JAE PreDoc PhD scholarship funded by the European Social Fund (ESR) and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competiveness. ; Peer Reviewed

18 páginas.- 4 figuras.- 7 tablas.- 39 referencias ; The determination of heavy metals in soils and organic amendments, such as compost, manure, biofertilizer, and sludge, generally involves the digestion of samples with aqua regia, and the determination of those in the solution using various techniques. Portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF) has many advantages in relation to traditional analytical techniques. However, PXRF determines the total elemental content and, until now, its use for the analysis of organic amendments has been limited. The objective of this work is the calibration of a PXRF instrument to determine the aqua regia-soluble elemental contents directly in solid samples of organic amendments. Our proposal will avoid the digestion step and the use of other laboratory techniques. Using a training set of samples, calibration functions were obtained that allow the determination of the aqua regia-soluble contents from the PXRF readings of total contents. The calibration functions (obtained by multiple linear regression) allowed the quantitative determination of the aqua regia-soluble contents of Fe, K, P, S, Zn, Cu, Pb, Sr, Cr, and Mn, as well as the organic matter content and a semi-quantitative assessment of Al, Ca, V, Ba, Ni, and As contents. The readings of Si, Fe, Al, Ca, K, or S were used as correction factors, indicating that the calibrations functions found are truly based on the chemical composition of the sample matrix. This study will allow a fast, cheap, and reliable field analysis of organic amendments and of other biomass-based materials ; This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, and the European Regional Development Fund, European Union, (AEI/FEDER, UE), grant number CGL2016-78937-R. ; Peer reviewed

In this study, a biofiltration system was designed using mature composts of municipal solid waste (MSW) or MSW mixed with pruning residues (MSW-P) as packing materials to treat vapours of α-pinene (a dominant volatile organic compounds (VOC) emitted during the MSW-P co-composting). Monitoring the efficiency of the biofiltration system was carried out using a photoionization analyser, a commercial electronic nose (e-nose) and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Using an EBRT of 66. s, removal efficiencies for both kinds of biofilters were greater than 90% removal at different stages of the experiment. The acclimatisation periods were 10 and 25. days for the MSW biofilter and MSW-P biofilter, respectively. Removal efficiency of the system was strongly dependent upon the moisture content of the packing materials. As moisture content in the biofilters fell to below 66% for the MSW and 51% (dry basis) for MSW-P, the removal efficiency decreased to less than 90%. E-nose and GC/MS data indicate a complete degradation of the α-pinene. The e-nose detected a characteristical background emission (odour fingerprint) of each type of biofilter. Results suggest that e-nose's will become a more powerful tool for monitoring VOCs in biofiltration and composting processes in the future. ; This work was carried out within the project CTM2007-62117/TECNO, financially supported by the CICYT (Science, technology Inter Ministerial commission, Spanish Government-co-financed FEDER). Cabeza I.O. held a CSIC-JAE Pre Doc PhD scholarship funded by the European Social Fund (ESR) and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competiveness. Special thanks go to Chris Donaldson for his technical help during the final phase of the experiment.

The utilization of organic wastes to improve soils or for growth media components in local farms and nurseries can reduce the environmental pollution linked to waste disposal while increasing the sustainability of crop production. This approach could be applied to waste products generated from the production of guacamole (an emerging activity in the avocado production areas in mainland Spain), where appropriate treatment of this oily and doughy waste product has not been previously reported. The aim of this work is to study the feasibility of co-composting guacamole production residues (GR) with garden pruning waste (PW) as bulking agent, and the possible use of the compost produced depending on its quality ; Junta de Andalucía: PAIDI-AGR108, PAIDI-AGR156 and P08-AGR-3694. Ministerio de Economía y competitividad-European Regional Development Fund, European Union: AGL2013-43732-R and CTQ2013-46804-C2-1R ; Peer reviewed