This article goes in depth into the key mechanisms that enable a digital interaction between journalists and expert sources in political journalism, developing a scale that articulates these interaction mechanisms on Twitter. On the basis of this analytical proposal, this study tries to reflect the potential professional consequences which are generated by this social network throughout the journalistic work as well as some changes in important professional skills, such as data verification and contact with expert sources. Those are key aspects to determine the opportunities of the journalists in the future of the profession. It also tries to analyse the relationship between journalists and politicians into a digital context by assessing the impact of using different new media tools on the journalistic culture and political discussion.
Introducción: La "pandemia" de la desinformación ha marcado la cobertura periodística del covid-19, por lo que resulta de interés ver cómo diferentes modelos periodísticos han empleado la gestión de fuentes como criterio de calidad para hacerle frente. Metodología: El presente trabajo analiza las fuentes periodísticas – desde los indicadores de número, identificación y tipología- empleadas en 420 artículos sobre la cobertura del covid-19 correspondientes a cuatro modelos profesionales periodísticos: prensa tradicional, medios nativos digitales, prensa popular y plataformas de verificación. Resultados: El análisis refleja una adecuada gestión por parte de la prensa española de las fuentes durante la cobertura de la pandemia, utilizando de forma mayoritaria un número de fuentes superior al estándar; identificándolas correctamente en la práctica totalidad de casos; y empleando una adecuada variedad. Así, pese al claro predominio de las fuentes oficiales, se da también una presencia notable de fuentes expertas de los ámbito científico y sanitario. Discusión y conclusiones: La calidad en la gestión de fuentes ha contribuido a hacer frente a la desinformación por parte de la prensa española, si bien se detectan importantes diferencias entre modelos profesionales. Las plataformas de verificación son las que presentan unos estándares de calidad más elevados a la hora de gestionar sus fuentes informativas, lo que contribuye a reforzar criterios claves en la lucha contra la desinformación como son verificación, relevancia, credibilidad y trasparencia.
The spectacularization of politics is not the exclusive patrimony of the media in their news coverage. Leaders from all over the world have successfully incorporated this "communicative style" into their own strategies, a style that finds a suitable space in visual social networks such as Instagram, in dynamic formats such as video, and in crisis contexts. This article analyzes the "spectacularization" of Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky's through Instagram. The methodological proposal is based on the study of the 5W in relation to the digital image and investigates the leading role, the staging, the space, and the technical resources of the videos. Thus, a content analysis is applied to a sample of 143 videos published by the president on his official profile in February - March 2022, when the conflict between Russia and Ukraine began, and in September - October 2022. We observed that Zelensky uses video in an intense and "spectacular" way: He exploits his figure in a professional style, strategically combines careful staging with amateurism, and uses resources such as subtitles to internationalize his discourse.
After decades of television influence, image and audiovisual language have become central elements of political communication. The irruption of social media has further invigorated the strategic use of video, by allowing the autonomous dissemination of content and a closer approach to citizens. Our objective is to analyze the management of video on social networks as an electoral tool from a novel multiplatform approach. Based on a model of content analysis, the format and degree of spectacularization of the videos are reviewed, and partisan strategies are compared. The sample is made up of 2,566 campaign videos published on the Twitter, Instagram, Facebook and YouTube accounts of the five most voted state parties in the general elections of November 2019: PSOE, PP, VOX, Podemos and Ciudadanos. The results show the appearance of new formats such as the digital spot and a strategic diffusion differentiated by platforms. Spectacularization is manifested, above all, in the bet on the personalization of the leader, to whom professional attributes are assigned. ; Tras décadas de influencia televisiva, la imagen y el lenguaje audiovisual se han convertido en elementos centrales de la comunicación política. La irrupción de las redes sociales ha dinamizado todavía más el uso estratégico del vídeo, al permitir una difusión autónoma de contenidos y una aproximación más cercana a los ciudadanos. Nuestro objetivo es analizar la gestión del vídeo en redes como herramienta electoral desde un enfoque multiplataforma novedoso. A partir de un modelo propio de análisis de contenido, se revisa formato y nivel de espectacularización de los vídeos, y se comparan estrategias partidistas. La muestra la componen 2566 vídeos de campaña publicados en las cuentas de Twitter, Instagram, Facebook y YouTube de los cinco partidos estatales más votados en las elecciones generales de noviembre de 2019: PSOE, PP, VOX, Podemos y Ciudadanos. Los resultados muestran la aparición de nuevos formatos como el spot digital y una difusión estratégica ...
En los últimos años Instagram se ha desarrollado también como una innovadora herramienta para la distribución de imágenes políticas. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la gestión estratégica que realizan los partidos en un contexto de crisis política. En concreto, se ha seleccionado como caso de estudio la fase más intensa del proceso independentista en Cataluña. A partir de una propuesta metodológica propia, se han revisado nueve categorías de aná- lisis contenido asociadas a la espectacularización de la política. Integran la muestra 291 imágenes publicadas por los 8 principales partidos del mapa polí- tico español. Los resultados muestran la normalización de su uso político, pero una gestión más regular y estratégica entre los partidos independentistas, y de mayor calidad técnica entre los contrarios a la independencia. En el aspecto temático, el mensaje viene determinado por una orientación hacia temas profesionales, y un reparto del protagonismo entre líderes, cuadros del partido y la ciudadanía. Y, además, se detecta la aplicación inicial de recursos de base espectacular como la hibridación de espacios, la apelación emocional y la experimentación con filtros y rótulos. ; n recent years, Instagram has also become an innovative tool for the distribution of political images. The objective of this article is to analyze the strategic management of the parties in a context of political crisis. Specifically, the most intense phase of the independence process in Catalonia has been selected as a case study. Based on our own methodological proposal, nine categories of content analysis associated with the spectacularization of politics have been reviewed. The sample includes 291 images published by the 8 main parties of the Spanish political spectrum. The results show the normalization of its political use, but a more regular and strategic management among the proindependence parties, and of greater technical quality among those opposed to independence. On a thematic level, the message is determined by an orientation towards professional issues, and a distribution of the leading role among leaders, party cadres and citizens. And, in addition, the initial application of spectacular-based resources such as space hybridization, emotional appeal and experimentation with filters and labels is detected.
Instagram and the spectacularization of political crises. The 5W of the digital image in the independence process in Catalonia. Instagram has become an important tool for the production and distribution of political images. Our objective is to analyze its strategic management in a context of political and institutional crisis. Based on our own model of content analysis, nine thematic and formal categories associated with the spectacularization of politics during the most intense phase of the independence process in Catalonia, between June 2017 and April 2018, have been reviewed. The sample includes 188 images published by the top 10 leaders of the Catalan and Spanish political map, both in votes of their parties and followers Instagram. The results show a regular political use characterized by intense personalization and orientation towards professional issues. In addition, a use of spectacular resources is detected, such as emotional appeal, the hybridization of spaces, and the experimentation with expressive filters.
Instagram se ha convertido en un importante medio para la producción y distribución de imágenes políticas. Nuestro objetivo es analizar su gestión estratégica en un contexto de crisis política e institucional. A partir de un modelo de análisis de contenido propio, se han revisado nueve categorías temáticas y formales asociadas a la espectacularización de la política durante la fase más intensa del proceso independentista en Cataluña, entre junio de 2017 y abril de 2018. Integran la muestra 188 imágenes publicadas por los 10 principales líderes del mapa político catalán y español, tanto en votos de sus partidos como en seguidores en Instagram. Los resultados muestran un uso político regular caracterizado por una intensa personalización y la orientación hacia temas profesionales. Además se detecta el uso de recursos de base espectacular como la apelación emocional, la hibridación de espacios y la experimentación con filtros expresivos. ; Instagram has become an important tool for the production and distribution of political images. Our objective is to analyze its strategic management in a context of political and institutional crisis. Based on our own model of content analysis, nine thematic and formal categories associated with the spectacularization of politics during the most intense phase of the independence process in Catalonia, between June 2017 and April 2018, have been reviewed. The sample includes 188 images published by the top 10 leaders of the Catalan and Spanish political map, both in votes of their parties and followers Instagram. The results show a regular political use characterized by intense personalization and orientation towards professional issues. In addition, a use of spectacular resources is detected, such as emotional appeal, the hybridization of spaces, and the experimentation with expressive filters.
Informal relationships between journalists and politicians have a strategic function in the process of news-making. The aim of this article is to analyse the role of personal affinity between the media and politicians in Spain. This study focuses on the following three specific issues: self-definition of their interactions, degree of influence, and main professional risks and benefits detected. The methodology is based on 45 in-depth interviews (22 journalists, 16 politicians and 7 spin-doctors). The novelty of this article is the analysis of not only the views of journalists but also the perceptions of the political actors. The results demonstrate the relevance and influence of affinity relationships between journalists and politicians. The two types of actors are highlighted as main beneficiaries of direct access to high-quality information sources or the ability to achieve positive news coverage. However, certain risks are also linked to these informal relationships. ; The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/ or publication of this article: This article is part of the research project CSO2014-52283-C2-1-P funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness.
La información política representa un recurso estratégico para el funcionamiento normativo del sistema democrático. Sus contenidos condicionan el acceso ciudadano a los principales acontecimientos y debates sociales, determinan el establecimiento de la agenda pública y dinamizan el proceso de formación de la opinión pública. Este trabajo analiza el grado actual de independencia y pluralismo del periodismo político en España. El estudio de estas dos cuestiones se aborda desde el análisis empírico de las percepciones de los periodistas y actores políticos y su posterior contraste con la opinión ciudadana. Los resultados indican una valoración dispar sobre la situación del periodismo político en España. Frente a la preocupación de los ciudadanos, los periodistas plantean un diagnóstico bastante templado, incluso optimista, a la hora de evaluar el nivel de pluralismo informativo en España, y algo más crítico y matizado sobre el grado de independencia en el ejercicio profesional. ; Political information is a strategic resource for the normative functioning of the democratic system. Its contents condition citizens' access to major events and social debates, determine the establishment of the public agenda, and stimulate the process of forming public opinion. This paper examines the present degree of independence and pluralism of political journalism in Spain. These two elements are approached through an empirical analysis of the perceptions of journalists and political actors, and of how they contrast with citizens' opinions. Our results indicate a disparate evaluation of the situation of political journalism in Spain. As opposed to the preoccupation of citizens, journalists express a fairly moderate or even optimistic diagnosis when evaluating the level of news pluralism in Spain, although the latter are somewhat more critical and nuanced about the degree of independence in professional practice.
The aim of this article is to analyze the influence level and boundaries that media have on politics. Specifically, we study the power of media to set the public agenda, to set the political agenda determining the decision-making process, and to generate political disaffection through the politicians' and journalists' perceptions. We have used a methodology based on in-depth interviews applied to a wide sample of 45 individuals. The analysis is focused on the European context; the case study is based specifically on Spain. Results show a high level of mediatization of politics, but also reveal limits to the political influence of the media. These boundaries of the media influence on politics affects political agenda setting and its ability to generate civic engagement. Moreover, we have detected four media engagement boundaries that boost the citizens' political cynicism.
The aim of this article is to analyze the influence level and boundaries that media have on politics. Specifically, we study the power of media to set the public agenda, to set the political agenda determining the decision-making process, and to generate political disaffection through the politicians' and journalists' perceptions. We have used a methodology based on in-depth interviews applied to a wide sample of 45 individuals. The analysis is focused on the European context; the case study is based specifically on Spain. Results show a high level of mediatization of politics, but also reveal limits to the political influence of the media. These boundaries of the media influence on politics affects political agenda setting and its ability to generate civic engagement. Moreover, we have detected four media engagement boundaries that boost the citizens' political cynicism.
La portada constituye un espacio mediático preferente donde se manifiestan explícitamente la selección y la jerarquización periodísticas. Este artículo se centra en el análisis longitudinal de la evolución de la agenda periodística, tomando como objeto de estudio la noticia principal de portada. En este marco, se examinan los temas, los actores sociales protagonistas de las noticias, los espacios geográficos vinculados a la información y el grado de homogeneidad. La metodología se basa en la aplicación del análisis de contenido. La muestra se centra en dos importantes diarios españoles con líneas editoriales diferenciadas (El País y Abc) y toma un extenso período de tiempo (1980-2010). En total, se han sometido a estudio 800 piezas informativas. Los resultados demuestran el fuerte peso de los temas y los actores vinculados con la política institucional, por un lado, y la escasa internacionalización de la prensa española, muy centrada en la actualidad nacional, por otro.
Este artículo analiza la forma en que el periodismo político chileno aborda a su audiencia a través de distintos estilos de reporteo, así como su evolución en las últimas décadas. La digitalización de la industria de medios, incluida la prensa tradicional, ha generado importantes transformaciones en su organización profesional, así como en la forma como el periodismo se dirige a los distintos públicos a través del producto informativo. A partir de un estudio longitudinal de la cobertura política de la prensa chilena, que abarca las dos primeras décadas de reinstauración democrática en el país (1990-2010), se profundiza en el tipo de público al que se dirige la performance periodística, diferenciando entre dos modelos de audiencia: el ciudadano como sujeto político activo y el espectador de infoentretenimiento. Los resultados obtenidos muestran dos tendencias relevantes: la complementariedad de ambos modelos para integrar al debate político a nuevos públicos con intereses diversos y una presencia importante de ambos modelos, pero variable a lo largo del tiempo, tanto en la prensa élite como popular. ; This paper analyzes the way in which Chilean political journalism approaches its audience through different reporting styles, as well as its evolution over the past few decades. The digitalization of the media industry, including traditional press, has led to major changes in its professional organization, as well as in the way journalism addresses the different audiences through the information product. Based on a longitudinal study of the political coverage of the Chilean press, which covers the first two decades of democratic reinstatement in the country (1990-2010), we delve into the type of audience at which journalistic performance is aimed, differentiating between the two audience models: the citizen as an active political subject and the infotainment viewer. The results obtained show two important trends: the complementarity of both models to integrate the political debate to new audiences with diverse interests and an important presence of both models but changeable over time, both in the elite and popular press. ; Este artigo analisa a forma como o periodismo político chileno aborda a sua audiência através de diferentes estilos de reportagem, assim como também a sua evolução nas últimas décadas. A digitalização da indústria de mídia, incluída a imprensa tradicional, tem gerado importantes transformações em sua organização profissional, assim como na forma como o jornalismo se dirige aos distintos públicos através do produto informativo. A partir de um estudo longitudinal da cobertura política da imprensa chilena, que abrange as duas primeiras décadas de restauração democrática no país (1990- 2010), se aprofunda no tipo de público ao qual se dirige a performance jornalística, diferenciando entre dois modelos de audiência: o cidadão como sujeito político ativo e o espectador de info-entretenimento. Os resultados obtidos mostram duas tendências relevantes: a complementariedade de ambos modelos a integrar ao debate político a novos públicos com interesses diversos e uma presença importante de ambos os modelos, mas variável ao longo do tempo, tanto na imprensa elite quanto popular.
