La red de contactos se ha convertido en un importante instrumento social generador de oportunidades laborales y empresariales. Pero ¿qué son estas redes? ¿Cómo se componen? Estas preguntas son importantes porque las relaciones socio-laborales representarían un factor clave para el progreso personal en materia laboral y para el crecimiento económico. El término "red de contactos" hace referencia a un conjunto de personas con las que uno establece algún tipo de relación social. La literatura indica que las relaciones que se van construyendo a lo largo de la vida se diferencian entre sí por el tipo de lazos que se establece entre las personas. Estos lazos, de acuerdo con el tiempo de la relación, la intensidad, la confianza, la reciprocidad y la frecuencia, pueden clasificarse como "débiles" o "fuertes". En este ensayo se argumenta que, contrariamente a lo que podríamos pensar, son los lazos débiles los que juegan un rol protagónico; y se resalta el papel positivo de estos lazos sobre muchos aspectos, subrayándose las oportunidades de empleo, la expansión del conocimiento y el proceso de innovación empresarial.
A contínua e progressiva maturação dos sedimentos de manguezal distribuídos ao longo do estuário do rio Marapanim, costa nordeste do estado do Pará, foi descrita com base nas propriedades físico-químicas (pH, Eh e salinidade intersticial), com o objetivo de demonstrar a influência das curtas, porém marcantes, oscilações do clima nesse setor da costa paraense. Os padrões de salinidade resultaram de fluxos superficiais, concentrados por processos de evapotranspiração, diluídos pelas marés e pelas fortes e prolongadas chuvas da região. Condições redutoras (-200 < Eh < -400 mV) estabeleceram-se em terrenos mais baixos, argilosos e ricos em matéria orgânica. Em contraposição, os períodos de estiagem promoveram a oxidação e a dessecação dos sedimentos topograficamente mais elevados, originando a diminuição do pH (3,5 a 4,5) e relações inversas entre o Eh e o pH. As variações dos gradientes físico-químicos estão em estreita associação com o clima, com os ciclos das marés e com a circulação das águas intersticiais, determinando o grau de desenvolvimento e de diferenciação vertical e lateral dos sedimentos e a distribuição da vegetação no estuário.
14 pages, 8 figures, supplementary information https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-03777-9.-- Data availability: The Supplementary tables and figures can be found under the https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14987001 in the public repository Figshare. To further facilitate exploration and viewing of Cehalopods Global Trade Networks by users from outside the academy or with basic technical knowledge, we have launched a fully operational web application at https://aospina.shinyapps.io/CGTN_app/.-- Correction: A network analysis of global cephalopod trade. Scientific Reports 12: 2329 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06289-2 ; The global trade in cephalopods is a multi-billion dollar business involving the fishing and production of more than ten commercially valuable species. It also contributes, in whole or in part, to the subsistence and economic livelihoods of thousands of coastal communities around the world. The importance of cephalopods as a major cultural, social, economic, and ecological resource has been widely recognised, but research efforts to describe the extent and scope of the global cephalopod trade are limited. So far, there are no specific regulatory and monitoring systems in place to analyse the traceability of the global trade in cephalopods at the international level. To understand who are the main global players in cephalopod seafood markets, this paper provides, for the first time, a global overview of the legal trade in cephalopods. Twenty years of records compiled in the UN COMTRADE database were analysed. The database contained 115,108 records for squid and cuttlefish and 71,659 records for octopus, including commodity flows between traders (territories or countries) weighted by monetary value (USD) and volume (kg). A theoretical network analysis was used to identify the emergent properties of this large trade network by analysing centrality measures that revealed key insights into the role of traders. The results illustrate that three countries (China, Spain, and Japan) led the majority of global market movements between 2000 and 2019. Based on volume and value, as well as the number of transactions, 11 groups of traders were identified. The leading cluster consisted of only eight traders, who dominated the cephalopod market in Asia (China, India, South Korea, Thailand, and Vietnam), Europe (the Netherlands, and Spain), and the USA. This paper identifies the countries and territories that acted as major importers or exporters, the best-connected traders, the hubs or accumulators, the modulators, the main flow routes, and the weak points of the global cephalopod trade network over the last 20 years. This knowledge of the network is crucial to move towards an environmentally sustainable, transparent, and food-secure global cephalopod trade ; AO was supported by H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (746361) and Contract financed through the call for postdoctoral fellowships of the Government of the Balearic Islands, program "Vicenç Mut" 2020. SV, GA, PP, CP and FLM knowledge the financial support from the INTERREG Cephs and Chefs Project (EAPA 282/2016), and Xunta de Galicia Grupos de Referencia Competitiva (under Grant ED431C2019/11). PP was supported by Xunta de Galicia (RECREGES II project under Grant ED481B2018/017). CP acknowledges FCT for the research contract 2020.02510.CEECIND. CP and FLM would also like to acknowledge FCT/MCTES national funds for the financial support to CESAM (UIDP/50017/2020 + UIDB50017/2020) ; With the institutional support of the 'Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence' accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S) ; Peer reviewed
ICES Annual Science Conference, 9-12 September 2019, Gothenburg, Sweden ; Diversification of fisheries is strategic for the European Union. Adding value to underexploited and non-quota seafood species, such as cephalopods, represents an alternative source of income in fisheries, especially when commercial species show signs of unsustainable over-exploitation. Although cephalopods are fished in significant quantities across the Atlantic, challenges such as poor species identification and lack of stock assessment may preclude achievement of their potential as an alternative source of sustainable catches. While there is little or no market interest in much of northern Europe, the shortfinned squid (Illex coindetii, Todaropsis eblanae, Todarodes sagitattus, family Ommastrephidae) are a relatively important fishing resource in the Atlantic Iberian Peninsula, particularly along the north Spanish coast. However, the current understanding of their life cycles and stock status is limited. The present study aims to describe interannual and seasonal patterns in ommastrephid species landings, considering the varying proportions of the various species landed over time in the Iberian Peninsula, including information from Portugal and Spain. Biological characteristics (length, weight, sex and maturity distribution) are also described based on DCF sampling. Finally, we discuss possible management measures for ommastrephid fishing, e.g. should fishing be restricted to certain seasons or areas, to help decision makers to define science-informed management and conservation strategies ; Peer reviewed
Understanding the processes that determine aboveground biomass (AGB) in Amazonian forests is important for predicting the sensitivity of these ecosystems to environmental change and for designing and evaluating dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs). AGB is determined by inputs from woody productivity (woody NPP) and the rate at which carbon is lost through tree mortality. Here, we test whether two direct metrics of tree mortality (the absolute rate of woody biomass loss and the rate of stem mortality) and/or woody NPP, control variation in AGB among 167 plots in intact forest across Amazonia. We then compare these relationships and the observed variation in AGB and woody NPP with the predictions of four DGVMs. The observations show that stem mortality rates, rather than absolute rates of woody biomass loss, are the most important predictor of AGB, which is consistent with the importance of stand size-structure for determining spatial variation in AGB. The relationship between stem mortality rates and AGB varies among different regions of Amazonia, indicating that variation in wood density and height/diameter relationships also influence AGB. In contrast to previous findings, we find that woody NPP is not correlated with stem mortality rates, and is weakly positively correlated with AGB. Across the four models, basin-wide average AGB is similar to the mean of the observations. However, the models consistently overestimate woody NPP, and poorly represent the spatial patterns of both AGB and woody NPP estimated using plot data. In marked contrast to the observations, DGVMs typically show strong positive relationships between woody NPP and AGB. Resolving these differences will require incorporating forest size structure, mechanistic models of stem mortality and variation in functional composition in DGVMs. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. ; This paper is a product of the European Union's Seventh Frame-work Programme AMAZALERT project (282664). The field dataused in this study have been generated by the RAINFOR net-work, which has been supported by a Gordon and Betty MooreFoundation grant, the European Union's Seventh FrameworkProgramme projects 283080, 'GEOCARBON'; and 282664,'AMAZALERT'; ERC grant 'Tropical Forests in the ChangingEarth System'), and Natural Environment Research Council(NERC) Urgency, Consortium and Standard Grants 'AMAZO-NICA' (NE/F005806/1), 'TROBIT' (NE/D005590/1) and 'NicheEvolution of South American Trees' (NE/I028122/1). Additionaldata were included from the Tropical Ecology Assessment andMonitoring (TEAM) Network – a collaboration between Conser-vation International, the Missouri Botanical Garden, the Smith-sonian Institution and the Wildlife Conservation Society, andpartly funded by these institutions, the Gordon and Betty MooreFoundation, and other donors. Fieldwork was also partially sup-ported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientı´fico eTecnolo´gico of Brazil (CNPq), project Programa de PesquisasEcolo´gicas de Longa Duracßa˜o (PELD-403725/2012-7). A.R.acknowledges funding from the Helmholtz Alliance 'RemoteSensing and Earth System Dynamics'; L.P., M.P.C. E.A. andM.T. are partially funded by the EU FP7 project 'ROBIN'(283093), with co-funding for E.A. from the Dutch Ministry ofEconomic Affairs (KB-14-003-030); B.C. [was supported in partby the US DOE (BER) NGEE-Tropics project (subcontract toLANL). O.L.P. is supported by an ERC Advanced Grant and is aRoyal Society-Wolfson Research Merit Award holder. P.M.acknowledges support from ARC grant FT110100457 and NERCgrants NE/J011002/1, and T.R.B. acknowledges support from aLeverhulme Trust Research Fellowship.
Background: Surgery is the main modality of cure for solid cancers and was prioritised to continue during COVID-19 outbreaks. This study aimed to identify immediate areas for system strengthening by comparing the delivery of elective cancer surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic in periods of lockdown versus light restriction. Methods: This international, prospective, cohort study enrolled 20 006 adult (≥18 years) patients from 466 hospitals in 61 countries with 15 cancer types, who had a decision for curative surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic and were followed up until the point of surgery or cessation of follow-up (Aug 31, 2020). Average national Oxford COVID-19 Stringency Index scores were calculated to define the government response to COVID-19 for each patient for the period they awaited surgery, and classified into light restrictions (index 60). The primary outcome was the non-operation rate (defined as the proportion of patients who did not undergo planned surgery). Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used to explore the associations between lockdowns and non-operation. Intervals from diagnosis to surgery were compared across COVID-19 government response index groups. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04384926. Findings: Of eligible patients awaiting surgery, 2003 (10·0%) of 20 006 did not receive surgery after a median follow-up of 23 weeks (IQR 16-30), all of whom had a COVID-19-related reason given for non-operation. Light restrictions were associated with a 0·6% non-operation rate (26 of 4521), moderate lockdowns with a 5·5% rate (201 of 3646; adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0·81, 95% CI 0·77-0·84; p<0·0001), and full lockdowns with a 15·0% rate (1775 of 11 827; HR 0·51, 0·50-0·53; p<0·0001). In sensitivity analyses, including adjustment for SARS-CoV-2 case notification rates, moderate lockdowns (HR 0·84, 95% CI 0·80-0·88; p<0·001), and full lockdowns (0·57, 0·54-0·60; p<0·001), remained independently associated with non-operation. Surgery beyond 12 weeks from diagnosis in patients without neoadjuvant therapy increased during lockdowns (374 [9·1%] of 4521 in light restrictions, 317 [10·4%] of 3646 in moderate lockdowns, 2001 [23·8%] of 11 827 in full lockdowns), although there were no differences in resectability rates observed with longer delays. Interpretation: Cancer surgery systems worldwide were fragile to lockdowns, with one in seven patients who were in regions with full lockdowns not undergoing planned surgery and experiencing longer preoperative delays. Although short-term oncological outcomes were not compromised in those selected for surgery, delays and non-operations might lead to long-term reductions in survival. During current and future periods of societal restriction, the resilience of elective surgery systems requires strengthening, which might include protected elective surgical pathways and long-term investment in surge capacity for acute care during public health emergencies to protect elective staff and services.