Suchergebnisse

AbstractOn the basis of a review of research on prostitution and prostitution in law enforcement in Canada, Brannigan and Fleischman have argued that prostitution is as mainly adult occupation motivated by financial gain, not "pathological work undertaken by the emotionally damaged and the young." In this paper, an alternative interpretation suggests, among other things, that: 1) although the majority of Canadian street prostitutes are adult, most of them began their careers as youths; 2) a much larger proportion of street prostitutes report childhood "sexual" and other "abuse" than do non-prostitutes; and 3) the "choice" to prostitute ought to be understood in terms of the social-structures which circumscribe that choice.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Foreword: The Criminology That Came in Out of the Cold -- Preface -- 1. Introduction: Left Realism, Crime Control, and Policing in the l 990s / Lowman, John / MacLean, Brian D. -- Part One: The Case for Left Realism -- 2. Realist Research as a Basis for Local Criminal Justice Policy / Young, Jock -- 3. Developing a Realist Approach to Penal Reform / Matthews, Roger -- 4. Retreatism, Minimalism, Realism: Three Styles of Reasoning on Crime and Drugs in the United States / Currie, Elliott -- Part Two: A Critical Assessment of Left Realism -- 5. Canadian Realist Criminology in the 1990s: Some Reflections on the Quest for Social Justice / Havemann, Paul -- 6. Crime and Justice in Socialist Cuba: What Can Left Realists Learn? / Michalowski, Raymond J. -- 7. Beyond Realist Criminology / Menzies, Robert -- 8. The 'Left Regulation' of Prostitution: Reconciling Individual Rights and Collective Interests / Lowman, John -- 9. Why Company Law Is Important to Left Realists / McQueen, Rob -- Part Three: Left Realism and Feminism -- 10. Women, Crime, Feminism, and Realism / Carlen, Pat -- 11. Feminism and Realism in the Canadian Context / Currie, Dawn H. -- 12. Counting What Counts: The Study of Women's Fear of Crime / Ahluwalia, Seema -- 13. Confronting Woman Abuse in Canada: A Left-Realist Approach / DeKeseredy, Walter S. -- Part Four: Left Realism and Victimology -- 14. Researching Victims of Crime: Critical Victimology / Walklate, Sandra -- 15. The Local Crime Survey: Pitfalls and Possibilities / Pease, Ken -- 16. The Contribution of 'Left Realism' to the Study of Commercial Crime / Pearce, Frank -- 17. A Program of Local Crime Survey Research for Canada / MacLean, Brian D. -- Contributors

RésuméLa protection de la confidentialité des recherches est un principe intégral de toutes les sciences sociales, ainsi que des codes d'éthique de l'humanité. Mais que se passerait-il si une juridiction exigerait l'accès à des informations confidentielles sur des recherches, tant dans le cas de litiges au civil, que pour des affaires criminelles? Au Canada, seules les informations provenant des recherches de Statistiques Canada jouissent de ce privilège relatif à la preuve—une juridiction ne peut exiger une divulgation. Tous les autres chercheurs devront faire appel à la common law afin de protéger des recherches confidentielles. Il leur appartiendrait, pour chaque cas, d'apporter la preuve de la nécessité de garder confidentielle toute information sur ces recherches, avec le risque malheureux qu'une juridiction ordonne leur divulgation. Cet article décrit cinq problèmes découlant de l'état du droit. Les protections juridiques de la confidentialité de la recherche ont encore beaucoup de chemin à parcourir avant de résoudre ces problèmes. Mais comment se présenteront ces protections? Qui aura à les gérer? La deuxième partie de cet article examine les protections législatives des privilèges relatifs à la preuve, y compris la Loi sur les statistiques, et la Loi canadienne sur la preuve, ainsi que les «certificats de confidentialité» (pour certains types de recherches en santé) et les «certificats de vie privée» (pour certaines enquêtes criminelles) des États-Unis, en vue d'établir des critères permettant l'établissement d'une loi protégeant la recherche canadienne.

Our ethical obligation to protect the research confidentiality of individual participants is challenged when third parties use subpoenas in the context of criminal proceedings and civil litigation in an effort to order the production of confidential information. This paper discusses strategies researchers may employ in order to maximize their legal ability to maintain confidentiality in spite of those challenges. Use of existing statutory protections is the first choice, but these are available for only a subset of research related to health and criminal justice issues. In situations where statutory protections are not available, the Wigmore criteria may act as a guide for the design of research that maximizes researchers' ability to protect research participants by advancing a case-by-case claim for researcher-participant privilege. We discuss the legal basis for this conclusion and outline procedures that may be used to further strengthen confidentiality protections.

AbstractThe paper begins with an outline of some legal and ethical principles regarding research confidentiality that frame researchers' choices, and then reviews the common law on privilege in Canada and the U.S. to show how researchers can design their research to maximise the legal protection of confidential research information. The paper describes various disciplinary ethics codes and the new federal Tri-Council Policy Statement on ethics to illustrate the principles that should be considered in the unlikely event that a Canadian court orders disclosure of confidential information that could harm a research participant. We conclude by proposing that universities and the three granting councils should campaign for statutory protection of research participants along the lines of the confidentiality certificates that are currently available in the United States for research on sensitive topics such as drug use, criminal activities, sexual behaviour, and genetic information.

Sociological examination of the prison system in Canada.

In commemoration of the twentieth anniversary of Canada's Kingston Penitentiary riot, dilemmas currently facing Canadian prisons are described in a short statistical overview & a discussion of the changing vocabularies of motive that have characterized different penal regimes in Canada over the past 160 years. Recent changes in Canadian prisons are discussed, particularly the tensions & contradictions created by: (1) the introduction in 1976 of the minimum twenty-five-year sentence for first-degree murder; (2) the role of "cascading" -- ie, the proliferation of security classifications -- in facilitating control of prisoners; (3) the relaxation of criteria governing the use of special handling units for controlling prisoners; & (4) the use of administrative segregation to divide & control the prison population. Although there have been important changes in the rhetoric justifying & guiding the use of prisons in Canada, the core practice remains the same: to control inmates while they are in prison, rather than prepare them for life when they leave. 32 References. Modified AA

AbstractMany types of vital research require protection of communication and information provided confidentially by research participants. In Canada, apart from information collected under theStatistics Act, the only option is a common law balancing test that creates uncertainty insofar as law is made after the fact. This paper explores the option of statute-based protection from the outset. It examines two such protections that have been in place in the United States for decades—revealing their strengths and weaknesses and how they may be applied in the Canadian context.