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SPAIN ASSERTED ITS PRESENCE IN AMERICA THROUGH AN ARRAY OF INSTITUTIONS. TRADITIONAL HISTORIOGRAPHY STUDIED THESE IN DETAIL, DESCRIBING COLONIAL POLICY AND AMERICAN RESPONSES IN TERMS OF OFFICIALS, TRIBUNALS, AND LAWS. THE AGENCIES OF EMPIRE WERE TANGIBLE ACHIEVEMENTS AND EVIDENCE OF THE HIGH QUALITY OF SPANISH ADMINISTRATION. BETWEEN CROWN AND SUBJECT THERE WERE SOME 20 MAJOR INSTITUTIONS, WHILE COLONIAL OFFICIALS NUMBERED IN THE THOUSANDS.

Causes of divergent estimates of rape in the US were examined through comparison of the procedures of two ostensibly similar surveys: the National Crime Victimization Survey & the National Women's Study. Several sources of divergence are discussed: (1) use of slightly different populations & samples; (2) differences in the bounded interview procedure used; (3) use of different longitudinal components (ie, households vs persons); (4) differing reference periods (ie, 6 months vs 1 year); (5) differing use of computer-assisted telephone interviews; (6) use of different cuing strategies; (7) overall context of the surveys (ie, crime victims identification vs those at risk for substance abuse); (8) differences in operational definition of series incidence & repeat victimization; & (9) use of male & female vs female-only interviewers. It is suggested that more attention needs to be paid to the validity of such self-reports to defend the data. 1 Appendix, 43 References. Adapted from the source document.

Purpose: The procurement and supply of crucial healthcare products in the early stages of the COVID-19 emergency were chaotic. To prepare for future crises, we must be able to describe what went wrong, and why, and map out ways to build agility and resilience. How can this be done effectively, given the highly complex and diverse network of actors across governments, care providers and supply chains, and the extreme uncertainty and dynamism in the procurement system and supplier markets? The purpose of this study was to capture learning from practitioners in "real time" in a way that could frame and inform capacity building across healthcare systems with varying procurement and supply management maturity. Design/methodology/approach: This exploratory study involved interviews with 58 senior public procurement practitioners in central and regional governments, NGOs and leaders of professional organizations from 23 countries, very early in the COVID crisis. Following the first, inductive phase of analysis leading to five descriptive dimensions, the awareness-motivation-capability (A-M-C) framework was applied in a further round of coding, to understand immediate challenges faced by procurement practitioners, how the complex, multi-level procurement system that shaped their motivations to respond and critical capabilities required to face these challenges. Findings: Developments across 23 countries and practitioners' learning about procurement and supply in the pandemic crisis can be captured in five overarching themes: governance and organization, knowledge and skills, information systems, regulation and supply base issues. Together these themes cover the strengths and gaps in procurement and supply capability encountered by procurement leaders and front-line personnel. They highlight the various facets of structure, resource and process which constitute organizational capability. However, to account better for the highly dynamic situation characterized by both unprecedented rivalry and cooperation, analysts must also pay attention to actors' emerging awareness of the situation and their rapidly changing motivations. Originality/value: The application of the A-M-C framework is unique in the healthcare supply chain and disaster management literature. It enables a comprehensive overview of healthcare procurement from a system perspective. This study shows how increasing system preparedness for future emergencies depends both on developing critical capabilities and understanding how awareness and motivation influence the effective deployment of those capabilities.

Australian Aboriginal children are more likely than non-Aboriginal children to have markers of developmental vulnerability at school entry, tracking through to poor school outcomes and disadvantage in later life. The Seeding Success study will identify key drivers of positive early childhood development in Aboriginal children, and supportive features of local communities and early childhood service provision. The study will include children who started, or were eligible to start, their first year of full-time school in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, in 2009 and 2012, identified by linking Australian Early Development Census data to perinatal and birth registration datasets. Early childhood health and development trajectories will be constructed via linkage to administrative datasets relating to birth outcomes, congenital conditions, hospital admissions, emergency department presentations, use of general practitioner and mental health services, contact with child protection and out-of-home care services, receipt of income assistance and fact of death. Multilevel modelling techniques will be used to quantify the contributions of individual- and area-level factors to variation in early childhood development outcomes in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children. We will use the linked data to assess the impact of two current NSW government programs that aim to address early childhood disadvantage. These analyses will use propensity matching methods and interrupted time series analysis to identify comparison areas and groups and to compare outcomes between areas and groups. The findings will be relevant to those working in the health, early childhood, community services and education sectors.

Introduction Research to date into assisted living technologies broadly consists of 3 generations: technical design, experimental trials and qualitative studies of the patient experience. We describe a fourthgeneration paradigm: studies of assisted living technologies in their organisational, social, political and policy context. Fourth-generation studies are necessarily organic and emergent; they view technology as part of a dynamic, networked and potentially unstable system. They use co-design methods to generate and stabilise local solutions, taking account of context. Methods and analysis SCALS (Studies in Cocreating Assisted Living Solutions) consists (currently) of 5 organisational case studies, each an English health or social care organisation striving to introduce technology-supported services to support independent living in people with health and/or social care needs. Treating these cases as complex systems, we seek to explore interdependencies, emergence and conflict. We employ a co-design approach informed by the principles of action research to help participating organisations establish, refine and evaluate their service. To that end, we are conducting in-depth ethnographic studies of people's experience of assisted living technologies (micro level), embedded in evolving organisational case studies that use interviews, ethnography and document analysis (meso level), and exploring the wider national and international context for assisted living technologies and policy (macro level). Data will be analysed using a sociotechnical framework developed from structuration theory. Ethics and dissemination Research ethics approval for the first 4 case studies has been granted. An important outcome will be lessons learned from individual co-design case studies. We will document the studies' credibility and rigour, and assess the transferability of findings to other settings while also recognising unique aspects of the contexts in which they were generated. Academic outputs will include a cross-case analysis ...

Australian Aboriginal children are more likely than non-Aboriginal children to have developmental vulnerability at school entry that tracks through to poorer literacy and numeracy outcomes and multiple social and health disadvantages in later life. Empirical evidence identifying the key drivers of positive early childhood development in Aboriginal children, and supportive features of local communities and early childhood service provision, are lacking.The study population will be identified via linkage of Australian Early Development Census data to perinatal and birth registration data sets. It will include an almost complete population of children who started their first year of full-time school in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, in 2009 and 2012. Early childhood health and development trajectories for these children will be constructed via linkage to a range of administrative data sets relating to birth outcomes, congenital conditions, hospital admissions, emergency department presentations, receipt of ambulatory mental healthcare services, use of general practitioner services, contact with child protection and out-of-home care services, receipt of income assistance and fact of death. Using multilevel modelling techniques, we will quantify the contributions of individual-level and area-level factors to variation in early childhood development outcomes in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children. Additionally, we will evaluate the impact of two government programmes that aim to address early childhood disadvantage, the NSW Aboriginal Maternal and Infant Health Service and the Brighter Futures Program. These evaluations will use propensity score matching methods and multilevel modelling.Ethical approval has been obtained for this study. Dissemination mechanisms include engagement of stakeholders (including representatives from Aboriginal community controlled organisations, policy agencies, service providers) through a reference group, and writing of summary reports for policy and community audiences in parallel with scientific papers. ; Kathleen Falster, Louisa Jorm, Sandra Eades, John Lynch, Emily Banks, Marni Brownell, Rhonda Craven, Kristjana Einarsdóttir, Deborah Randall, on behalf of the Seeding Success Investigators

Introduction: Australian Aboriginal children are more likely than non-Aboriginal children to have developmental vulnerability at school entry that tracks through to poorer literacy and numeracy outcomes and multiple social and health disadvantages in later life. Empirical evidence identifying the key drivers of positive early childhood development in Aboriginal children, and supportive features of local communities and early childhood service provision, are lacking. Methods and analysis: The study population will be identified via linkage of Australian Early Development Census data to perinatal and birth registration data sets. It will include an almost complete population of children who started their first year of full-time school in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, in 2009 and 2012. Early childhood health and development trajectories for these children will be constructed via linkage to a range of administrative data sets relating to birth outcomes, congenital conditions, hospital admissions, emergency department presentations, receipt of ambulatory mental healthcare services, use of general practitioner services, contact with child protection and out-of-home care services, receipt of income assistance and fact of death. Using multilevel modelling techniques, we will quantify the contributions of individual-level and area-level factors to variation in early childhood development outcomes in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children. Additionally, we will evaluate the impact of two government programmes that aim to address early childhood disadvantage, the NSW Aboriginal Maternal and Infant Health Service and the Brighter Futures Program. These evaluations will use propensity score matching methods and multilevel modelling. Ethics and dissemination: Ethical approval has been obtained for this study. Dissemination mechanisms include engagement of stakeholders (including representatives from Aboriginal community controlled organisations, policy agencies, service providers) through a reference group, and writing of summary reports for policy and community audiences in parallel with scientific papers.