Suchergebnisse

The United Nations adopted the Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC) on April 30, 1982 but the saga began in 1967 when Arvid Pardo, the Permanent Representative of Malta to the United Nations, called for a constitution for the oceans of the world and a charter for its sea-bed, its resources, its subsoil and the air above it. The third United Nations Law of the Sea Conference (UNCLOS III) was convened in 1973 and terminated in the historic vote at New York on April 30, 1982 where 130 nations voted for the Law of the Sea Convention, only four voted against and seventeen abstained.
The Law of the Sea Convention is a giant step forward in world and human affairs because it is concerned with sharing the earth's underwater resources amongst the earth's inhabitants rather than on the basis of first come/first served. The Convention controls, protects, shares and develops the oceans for all mankind. Questions of 12 mile limits, exclusive economic zones, continental shelves, territorial water rights of transit and innocent passage are also dealt with. Much old law is codified, much new law is created and even for non signatories there is much new customary international law.
The Law of the Sea Convention is perhaps the greatest legislative triumph of the United Nations in its 40 year history.

Franco's Spain flattered itself as enjoying a preferential relationship with the Arab World, as with Latin America as well - a kind of compensation for Spain's lack of normalization within the international System. With its transition to democracy, Spain's place in the world has been redefined and, consequently, so have its relations in the Mediterranean. This has taken place in a context made difficult by Spain's integration into European and Western institutions, an integration that holsters it but no longer lets it take advantage of its different status. This redefinition has also occurred as Spain faces increased risks of destabilization from countries along the southern shoreline, which pose a very direct security problem for Spain. The policies it has implemented expose the divisions between several kinds of logic. They also reveal the many constraints Spain must face in a region split along different lines and in which it finds itself completely immersed.

L'Espagne vient de se doter d'un livre blanc de la défense, une première pour ce pays qui a opéré sa mutation démocratique, il y a un quart de siècle. L'ampleur des réformes militaires en cours, professionnalisation totale, réorganisation, nouvelles missions, est telle qu'au terme du processus le modèle d'armée espagnole n'aura plus grand-chose à voir avec ce que fut cette armée au cours des deux derniers siècles. Le Livre Blanc apparaît comme un rapport d'étape destiné à légitimer une politique qui, par son sujet même, le militaire, a toujours suscité la polémique dans de larges couches de l'opinion publique, sur laquelle pèse encore le souvenir de deux siècles d'une histoire politique troublée et marquée par l'interventionnisme militaire. La publication du Livre Blanc conduit à analyser les étapes de la mutation de l'armée espagnole.