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In this essay, I draw on the concept of biosocial organizing to propose a biosocial turn in organization research. In recent years, Organization has seen an increase in articles and special issues on the organizational dimension of agriculture, food and the environment as major challenges and opportunities for our scientific community and global societies. These contributions participated towards moving the critical thinking of Organization beyond traditional concepts in management such as sustainable development or corporate social and environmental responsibility, in which the environment, living entities and nature are seen, at best, as contexts. However, the number of these works is still limited and the subject deserves further empirical and theoretical research. Much more is needed to promote the contribution of critical organization studies to these challenges, to account for the complexity of phenomena – such as climate change or biodiversity losses – from an organizational point of view, and to learn more about the impacts of studying these topics on new modes of organizing.

Les races animales sont des ressources intangibles créées et maintenues par des activités de sélection visant un « progrès génétique » et continuellement transformées du fait de ces activités et des pratiques d'élevage. Les races animales (du moins pour les bovins et les ovins) ont un statut de propriété commune. La façon dont ces ressources communes sont gérées, et dont le progrès génétique est généré, contrôlé et distribué, repose dans différents contextes nationaux et historiques sur des « régimes de sélection », constitués de règles, de dispositifs politiques, scientifiques, techniques et informationnels. Le cadre d'analyse des faisceaux de droits de propriété (ou droits d'entreprendre telle ou telle action concernant la ressource) proposé par Schlager et Ostrom [1992] est mis en œuvre pour distinguer ces régimes, en considérant d'abord celui qui se structure en France dans les années 1960 avec l'appui de la politique nationale de modernisation agricole, puis celui qui aujourd'hui résulte des évolutions récentes sur le plan scientifique et technique, dans un contexte de libéralisation des politiques agricoles. Chacun de ces régimes a pris forme dans le contexte de ruptures technologiques : l'insémination artificielle pour le premier et la génomique pour le second. Nous analysons la complexité des systèmes de ressources communes dans notre cas d'application, les activités de sélection des animaux d'élevage, et l'évolution des régimes de droits de propriété dans le cas des ressources génétiques animales. Nous avons introduit pour notre analyse un droit de contribution qui concerne la définition des critères de sélection visant un changement de l'orientation de la race (conduisant ainsi à une « altération » de la race). Tandis qu'un organisme de sélection unique par race avait le monopole de ce droit, celui-ci est remis en cause par le régime plus concurrentiel qui émerge. A chacune des deux périodes les enjeux économiques sont différents.

International audience ; In this paper, we first draw on existing literature to identify how the bridging of institutional theory and valuation studies can help us better understand current changes in the commoditization and government of life. Second, through an empirical study we open the black box of breeding contracts to detect what they can reveal about how new evaluation devices contribute to the evolution of the evaluated objects / subjects, and the institutionalization of new social and biological entities. Third, we discuss the outputs and limits of this very early step in our empirical analysis of animal genetic markets under theinstitutional disruptions associated with the "genomic era". We conclude by drawing some lines of inquiry for further research.

International audience ; In this paper, we first draw on existing literature to identify how the bridging of institutional theory and valuation studies can help us better understand current changes in the commoditization and government of life. Second, through an empirical study we open the black box of breeding contracts to detect what they can reveal about how new evaluation devices contribute to the evolution of the evaluated objects / subjects, and the institutionalization of new social and biological entities. Third, we discuss the outputs and limits of this very early step in our empirical analysis of animal genetic markets under theinstitutional disruptions associated with the "genomic era". We conclude by drawing some lines of inquiry for further research.

International audience ; Since the early 2000s, the development of genomics provides extensive knowledge of the DNA of living organisms. This innovation has transformed the way in which living organisms are evaluated, selected (genomic selection of plants and animals) and marketed. Coupled with political and regulatory changes, this technology contributes to modify the national institutional arrangements in the field of animal genetic improvement as well as actors' practices. The current liberalization process questions both the collective dimension of genetic progress and the property rights of genetic resources. The objective of this overview is to present the plurality of institutional arrangements regarding genomic selection of the Holstein cattle breed in a comparative perspective involving France, Ireland and The Netherlands. First, it highlights three institutional regimes that reveal different arrangements particularly between public and private organizations. Then, this diversity of arrangements is completed by an analysis of contractual tools developed between breeding companies and animal breeders through models of strategies aiming at the production and exchanges of genetic resources (under their biological and informational forms). These models emphasize various forms of property of genetic resources between companies and breeders and also show that the actors' roles in genetic selection activities are redefined. These results provide a better understanding of the development of a liberal logic (in The Netherlands) in duality with the reinforcement (in Ireland) or weakening (in France) of a cooperative logic for the production of improved animal genetics.

International audience ; Since the early 2000s, the development of genomics provides extensive knowledge of the DNA of living organisms. This innovation has transformed the way in which living organisms are evaluated, selected (genomic selection of plants and animals) and marketed. Coupled with political and regulatory changes, this technology contributes to modify the national institutional arrangements in the field of animal genetic improvement as well as actors' practices. The current liberalization process questions both the collective dimension of genetic progress and the property rights of genetic resources. The objective of this overview is to present the plurality of institutional arrangements regarding genomic selection of the Holstein cattle breed in a comparative perspective involving France, Ireland and The Netherlands. First, it highlights three institutional regimes that reveal different arrangements particularly between public and private organizations. Then, this diversity of arrangements is completed by an analysis of contractual tools developed between breeding companies and animal breeders through models of strategies aiming at the production and exchanges of genetic resources (under their biological and informational forms). These models emphasize various forms of property of genetic resources between companies and breeders and also show that the actors' roles in genetic selection activities are redefined. These results provide a better understanding of the development of a liberal logic (in The Netherlands) in duality with the reinforcement (in Ireland) or weakening (in France) of a cooperative logic for the production of improved animal genetics.

International audience ; Since the early 2000s, the development of genomics provides extensive knowledge of the DNA of living organisms. This innovation has transformed the way in which living organisms are evaluated, selected (genomic selection of plants and animals) and marketed. Coupled with political and regulatory changes, this technology contributes to modify the national institutional arrangements in the field of animal genetic improvement as well as actors' practices. The current liberalization process questions both the collective dimension of genetic progress and the property rights of genetic resources. The objective of this overview is to present the plurality of institutional arrangements regarding genomic selection of the Holstein cattle breed in a comparative perspective involving France, Ireland and The Netherlands. First, it highlights three institutional regimes that reveal different arrangements particularly between public and private organizations. Then, this diversity of arrangements is completed by an analysis of contractual tools developed between breeding companies and animal breeders through models of strategies aiming at the production and exchanges of genetic resources (under their biological and informational forms). These models emphasize various forms of property of genetic resources between companies and breeders and also show that the actors' roles in genetic selection activities are redefined. These results provide a better understanding of the development of a liberal logic (in The Netherlands) in duality with the reinforcement (in Ireland) or weakening (in France) of a cooperative logic for the production of improved animal genetics.

International audience ; Since the early 2000s, the development of genomics provides extensive knowledge of the DNA of living organisms. This innovation has transformed the way in which living organisms are evaluated, selected (genomic selection of plants and animals) and marketed. Coupled with political and regulatory changes, this technology contributes to modify the national institutional arrangements in the field of animal genetic improvement as well as actors' practices. The current liberalization process questions both the collective dimension of genetic progress and the property rights of genetic resources. The objective of this overview is to present the plurality of institutional arrangements regarding genomic selection of the Holstein cattle breed in a comparative perspective involving France, Ireland and The Netherlands. First, it highlights three institutional regimes that reveal different arrangements particularly between public and private organizations. Then, this diversity of arrangements is completed by an analysis of contractual tools developed between breeding companies and animal breeders through models of strategies aiming at the production and exchanges of genetic resources (under their biological and informational forms). These models emphasize various forms of property of genetic resources between companies and breeders and also show that the actors' roles in genetic selection activities are redefined. These results provide a better understanding of the development of a liberal logic (in The Netherlands) in duality with the reinforcement (in Ireland) or weakening (in France) of a cooperative logic for the production of improved animal genetics.

International audience ; Since the early 2000s, the development of genomics provides extensive knowledge of the DNA of living organisms. This innovation has transformed the way in which living organisms are evaluated, selected (genomic selection of plants and animals) and marketed. Coupled with political and regulatory changes, this technology contributes to modify the national institutional arrangements in the field of animal genetic improvement as well as actors' practices. The current liberalization process questions both the collective dimension of genetic progress and the property rights of genetic resources. The objective of this overview is to present the plurality of institutional arrangements regarding genomic selection of the Holstein cattle breed in a comparative perspective involving France, Ireland and The Netherlands. First, it highlights three institutional regimes that reveal different arrangements particularly between public and private organizations. Then, this diversity of arrangements is completed by an analysis of contractual tools developed between breeding companies and animal breeders through models of strategies aiming at the production and exchanges of genetic resources (under their biological and informational forms). These models emphasize various forms of property of genetic resources between companies and breeders and also show that the actors' roles in genetic selection activities are redefined. These results provide a better understanding of the development of a liberal logic (in The Netherlands) in duality with the reinforcement (in Ireland) or weakening (in France) of a cooperative logic for the production of improved animal genetics.

Since the early 2000s, the development of genomics provides extensive knowledge of the DNA of living organisms. This innovation has transformed the way in which living organisms are evaluated, selected (genomic selection of plants and animals) and marketed. Coupled with political and regulatory changes, this technology contributes to modify the national institutional arrangements in the field of animal genetic improvement as well as actors' practices. The current liberalization process questions both the collective dimension of genetic progress and the property rights of genetic resources. The objective of this overview is to present the plurality of institutional arrangements regarding genomic selection of the Holstein cattle breed in a comparative perspective involving France, Ireland and The Netherlands. First, it highlights three institutional regimes that reveal different arrangements particularly between public and private organizations. Then, this diversity of arrangements is completed by an analysis of contractual tools developed between breeding companies and animal breeders through models of strategies aiming at the production and exchanges of genetic resources (under their biological and informational forms). These models emphasize various forms of property of genetic resources between companies and breeders and also show that the actors' roles in genetic selection activities are redefined. These results provide a better understanding of the development of a liberal logic (in The Netherlands) in duality with the reinforcement (in Ireland) or weakening (in France) of a cooperative logic for the production of improved animal genetics.

International audience ; The management of domestic animal genetic resources is a topic of pressing concern given developing trends such as the liberalization of genetic resources markets, the increasing number of patents and intellectual property rights and the withdrawal of governments from the organization and control of breeding activities. Managing territorialized common goods of this nature calls for cooperative mechanisms involving a wider range of actors than so far. How to steer these mechanisms and handle crises in cooperation that can impede them, is crucial tomaintaining biodiversity. This article proposes an analytical framework to analyze and facilitate cooperation in distributed breeding organizations. This framework is the result of an intervention research into breeding organizations for three local breeds ofmilk sheep in theWestern-Pyrenees. By investigating the design and uses of scientific, technical and management instruments on which breeding activities and organization rely, we identified three dimensions to be considered in the analysis of cooperation for animal resources management: a) tensions between the design and uses of scientific instruments for genetic gain achievement; b) tensions between the evaluation of animals using scientific instruments and the evaluation of animals based on breeder know-how in qualifying animal common resources; c) diversity of farmer strategies and functioning of the market for breeding goods and services resulting from the activities conducted in the two previous dimensions (production of genetic gain, qualification of the common resources). ; La gestion des ressources génétiques animales domestiques, et notamment des races locales, est aujourd'hui au cœur d'une actualité renouvelée qui met en question les modes de pilotage des dispositifs coopératifs sur lesquels cette gestion repose et les difficultés de coopération susceptibles de les fragiliser. À partir d'une démarche de recherche-intervention autour de la sélection des races ovines laitières ...

International audience ; The management of domestic animal genetic resources is a topic of pressing concern given developing trends such as the liberalization of genetic resources markets, the increasing number of patents and intellectual property rights and the withdrawal of governments from the organization and control of breeding activities. Managing territorialized common goods of this nature calls for cooperative mechanisms involving a wider range of actors than so far. How to steer these mechanisms and handle crises in cooperation that can impede them, is crucial tomaintaining biodiversity. This article proposes an analytical framework to analyze and facilitate cooperation in distributed breeding organizations. This framework is the result of an intervention research into breeding organizations for three local breeds ofmilk sheep in theWestern-Pyrenees. By investigating the design and uses of scientific, technical and management instruments on which breeding activities and organization rely, we identified three dimensions to be considered in the analysis of cooperation for animal resources management: a) tensions between the design and uses of scientific instruments for genetic gain achievement; b) tensions between the evaluation of animals using scientific instruments and the evaluation of animals based on breeder know-how in qualifying animal common resources; c) diversity of farmer strategies and functioning of the market for breeding goods and services resulting from the activities conducted in the two previous dimensions (production of genetic gain, qualification of the common resources). ; La gestion des ressources génétiques animales domestiques, et notamment des races locales, est aujourd'hui au cœur d'une actualité renouvelée qui met en question les modes de pilotage des dispositifs coopératifs sur lesquels cette gestion repose et les difficultés de coopération susceptibles de les fragiliser. À partir d'une démarche de recherche-intervention autour de la sélection des races ovines laitières ...

Cet article s'intéresse à l'émergence, la structuration et la déstabilisation, en France, d'un " régime intensif de sélection " en matière de gestion des ressources génétiques animales en agriculture. Ce régime, remplaçant à la fin des années 1960 les précédentes formes de sélection, a la particularité d'avoir reposé sur des dispositifs coopératifs à dimension publique associant éleveurs et la recherche publique, et d'avoir été fortement encadré par l'État. Au travers de l'analyse longitudinale du cas de la sélection génétique de races ovines laitières locales en Pyrénées-Atlantiques, nous retraçons les processus de construction institutionnelle des formes et pratiques de sélection animale au travers de la transformation conjointe des modes de production de connaissances, des objets et des marchés des ressources génétiques animales. Nous identifions plus largement différents régimes de sélection, reposant sur des modes de production de connaissances en tension, dont la coexistence, dans le cas étudié, menace la coopération indispensable au maintien des races locales. Nous mettons en lumière l'émergence de régimes néo-communautaires de sélection et montrons en quoi les progrès scientifiques (génomique) et les changements de politiques publiques reconfigurent le paysage organisationnel des activités de gestion des ressources génétiques animales.