Suchergebnisse

Le développement des techniques, la facilité des communications font éclater les Empires despotiques et dissolvent les petites Républiques pour susciter une diversité de moyennes Monarchies. Cette caractéristique des temps modernes entraîne pour Montesquieu, un renouvellement de la religion. La "monarchie universelle" devenue impossible, le sort de la religion ne peut plus s'identifier à la fortune d'Etats particuliers et l'histoire n'avance plus à coups de miracles. La vraie piété préfère le salut temporel du peuple à la puissance de l'institution religieuse. La vertu cessant d'être principe de gouvernement, la religion ne sert plus à contrôler le peuple : l'intérêt des monarchies demande qu'elle soit libératrice. Elle l'est en adoucissant les moeurs, en réprimant les caprices du prince, en inspirant des lois amènes, un droit des gens plein d'humanité. Répugnant à l'intransigeance, alliant conviction intime et tolérance extérieure, distinguant les lois humaines et les lois divines, voyant dans les moeurs les seules richesses dignes de ses ministres, elle encourage le gouvernement modéré et favorise l'établissement d'une "monarchie mêlée" dans laquelle s'allient pouvoir d'un seul et participation populaire.

A discussion of public debt from a historical perspective, focusing on the analyses developed by classical economists. The history of public debt is traced & problems addressed by classical economists are described as similar to those of today. The opinions of Charles Montesquieu, Adam Smith, Alexis de Tocqueville, & David Ricardo regarding public debt are analyzed & related to current conditions. The relevance of the eighteenth- & nineteenth-century economic theories for today's problems is evaluated. F. Rasmussen

It is observed that 'In no other continent is the sociol'st held in such esteem' as in Latin America. No Latin Amer U today is without either its dept of sociol or plans for creating one. Teachers of sociol are frequently given what other U staff are still denied: full-time employment, high salaries, & funds for res. Sociol'ts are in a professional category like MD's, lawyers or engineers. The sociol'st is by no means a mere theorist, but rather is asked not only to account for & explain the crisis Latin America is passing through, but also to deal with it. However, the sham importance conferred on the sociol'st brings him little advantage. Often all he can do is line up statistics, make a few resounding tautological statements & endorse the prevailing ideas of the environment in which he lives. An overestimation of the power of sociol results in the virtual destruction of any possibility of genuine res & of the conditions necessary for sound teaching. The outcome will be as many sociol's as there are ideologies-not to mention countless minor variations-each claiming that it alone is sci'fic. If by any chance one particular approach is adopted by res workers, their agreement will be due not to the perfection of their logic, but the efficiency with which they have eliminated other doctrines. Many countries are so taken up with creating or maintaining instit's that sci itself is forgotten. Important also is that the diff soc sci's & sociol tend to merge into each other in Latin America; this makes it difficult for sociol to develop independently & to be self-critical. A new conception of the role of sociol'st is emerging. M. Maxfield.