Suchergebnisse

Les travaux présentés ici sont le fruit d'une démarche commune de recherche, sous la direction de Nora Lafi, consacrée à l'analyse des réformes urbaines en Méditerranée au XIXe siècle. Le point central en est une relecture des réformes ottomanes à la lumière d'une relativisation des modèles européens. Le choix est le suivant: plutôt que l'usage d'un modèle culturel implicite, autant une comparaison raisonnée. Le but n'est donc pas la théorisation d'un caractère méditerranéen de l'évolution urbaine, mais bien l'application d'une démarche comparative.

International audience ; The concept of authenticity, as defined in international circles between the 1960s and the 1994 Nara Conference on Heritage, has been one of the main instruments used to define policies aiming at heritage protection during the last few decades. The concept also became more than an instrument: it shaped entire approaches to the question of the built heritage and to the process – social and political – aiming at its conservation and restoration. For this reason, it has been the object of intense discussions, with scholars and activists denouncing some of its founding ambiguities as being tied to static and sometimes culturalist conceptions of history, to colonial visions, and to policies of social segregation.The object of this chapter is to reflect on such debates around the case of the city of Aleppo, and particularly around the way its medieval and Ottoman built heritage was dealt with in the period of the Ottoman reforms of the second half of the 19th century, the period of French colonial occupation, and the various phases of independence up to its present-day tragic destruction.

International audience ; La présente étude, dont les échos contemporains sont malheureusement assourdissants, se fonde sur le choix de rechercher les racines des manifestations de violence dont les villes du monde arabe ont été le théâtre au cours de leur histoire, non point comme des données innées émanant d'une supposée propension à l'éruption des sociétés locales, mais plutôt comme la résultante d'une série de facteurs induisant une rupture des équilibres de gouvernance et de coexistence socialement construits à plusieurs échelles, de la maisonnée à l'Empire puis à l'échelle de la géopolitique, et de la rue au quartier et à la ville.

Der Beitrag skizziert die Entwicklungen und epochenübergreifenden Kontinuitäten der Gesellschaften des Maghreb von der Zeit des Osmanischen Reichs über die europäische Kolonisierung bis zum schwierigen Prozess der Nationalstaatsbildung

Cet article présente les chroniques, disponibles dans la plupart des villes du monde arabe, comme de véritables annales civiques, éléments et signes d'un système de gouvernance urbaine. Il se concentre ensuite sur l'analyse du cas de Tripoli (Libye) sous cet angle. ; Lo studio delle città del mondo arabo, dall'epoca medievale a quella ottomana, dipende molto dalla lettura di cronache locali. Molti dei più interessanti capitoli della storia urbana di tali città sono stati scritti usando le informazioni date da una o più cronache. La dimensione più ovvia di questa relazione tra conoscenza storica e fonti come le cronache, riguarda la cronologia. La cronaca è narrazione, e vi si trovano molti degli elementi fondamentali della storia fattuale. Date e eventi, battaglie e dati del commercio vi vengono riportate con più o meno precisione a secondo della personalità dell'autore. Anche la storia dei regni ha usato molto questo tipo di fonte. E siccome in molte cronache l'autore fa anche opera di compilatore di conoscenze storiche (alcuni si confrontano anche alla storia universale) le cronache costituiscono una base fondamentale per la conoscenza della storia del mondo arabo medievale e poi del mondo ottomano. Con il progressivo movimento di rottura della materia storica con la passività della narrazione fattuale, e con lo sviluppo delle scienze sociali, l'uso storico delle cronache è andato raffinandosi. Si è comminciato a cercare nella cronaca elementi potendo servire a una storia economica o sociale. Ogni tappa dell'iscrizione della storia nelle scienze sociali è stata accompagnata di una rilettura delle maggiori cronache arabe e ottomane, ogni volta con uno sgardo e una retorica diversi. Ma molto di rado si è riflettuto sulla natura della cronaca stessa. Come mai per quasi tutte le città del mondo arabo, dal medioevo all'introduzione di metodi moderni di amministrazione cittadina durante la seconda parte dell'Ottocento, abbiamo delle cronache? Come mai in tutte queste città qualcuno ha deciso di trascrivere ogni ...

In many societies, petitions are a means of communication between rulers and ruled. Since the 1980s, historians have tried to analyse the nature of this relationship and to answer linked questions, such as the emergence of public opinion, the existence of a civil society and the capacity of a society to develop forms of democracy. Petitions are indeed a very abundant archival resource, and also a very specific individual or collective expression of discontent, protest, opinion or need. As such, they are invaluable historical sources, both informative and reflective of the nature of the society that produced them. From ancient times to the era of Byzantium, from medieval England to18th century North America, or from 18th century Japan to present times, petitions have been crucial in shedding light on the whole governance context, as scholars have frequently shown. In the Ottoman empire, petitions were also central features of the relationship between rulers and ruled. In the Ottoman empire, communication between local societies and the central administration in Istanbul was codified during the period of the old regime on the basis of various medieval practices, themselves sometimes of ancient origin. In cases of conflict, or where generally accepted administrative processes had broken down, or in cases where new demands or problems had arisen, inhabitants were granted the right to write petitions either on an individual basis or as a group (professional, confessional, civic collective body). But this system of petitioning was more than mere recourse to remedies or adjustments. Rather, it was an integral tool in the functioning of the empire and in the definition of imperial power in the provinces. The petition was not just an exceptional tool, but a normal procedure, whose bureaucratic nature had been formalised over the course of the Ottoman centuries. Indeed, the central archives in Istanbul contain hundreds of thousands of such petitions from throughout the empire and spanning the 15th to the 20th centuries. ...

Une conférence au Zentrum Moderner Orient de Berlin dans laquelle l'auteur conteste les fondements de l'intervention militaire en Libye et défend la position allemande de défiance face à cet interventionisme.

Please refer to the published version for quotations ; The question of the circulation of municipal knowledge has benefited in the last decade from a renewed historiographical attention. In a Mediterranean context, the stake is mainly to reconsider our perception of the circulation of ideas that enabled (or constrained) the modernisation of societies during the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The subliminal starting point (but sometimes enounced very explicitly) is that circulations occurred from North to South and West to East. The "Mediterranean Crossings" hypothesis I will explore in this chapter, and illustrate with the case of the urban reforms in the Ottoman Empire, is that circulations were more complex, while modernity, even when imported in its exact form, was interacting dynamically with societies in which processes of change were already in action. The study of circulations in a Mediterranean case is a minefield. It provides opportunities not only to understand the circulation of ideas between different cultures, but also to confront the impact of colonialism and imperialism. The very vision of modernity being prejudiced by these issues, the stake of the promotion of a renewed global history involves a reconsideration of two centuries of unequal circulations and, ultimately, a different reading of the fate of modernity in "subaltern" societies. The study of the Ottoman Empire shows that circulations were more complex than a translation of knowledge from 'export' to 'import' societies. It is only with a discussion of ideas on circulation that the complexity of these societies can undo this conventional "reception" mode. The Ottoman Empire is particularly adapted to such a historiographical programme. On the one hand, the concept of Empire has recently aroused new developments in global and imperial history. These have revisited the canonical empires, or developed comparative imperial questions between the Russian, the Habsburg and the Ottoman, bringing about new insights into the ...

International audience ; The object of the present paper is to try and insert into discussions about the rich bibliography on the Ottoman municipal institutions some nuances, pertaining both to recent reflections on the circulation of reform models and to new researches on the historical roots of the ottoman urban old regime. The aim is then to reconsider the interpretation of the Ottoman urban reforms of the second half of Nineteenth century in this new interpretative scheme, which takes into account with a different perspective both the heritage of previous forms of urban governance and the meaning of the circulation of reformative models. The intent is also, once the general frame has been submitted to an effort of complexity, to confront some other arguments on modernity in an Ottoman context. If modernisation came in a different way that it has often been assessed, what does it mean for the content of the concept of modernity? This is why I will also try in this paper to discuss the limits of the Ottoman urban modernity and their causes. The present research relies on various case studies, taken in the Arab Provinces of the Ottoman Empire, from the Maghreb to the Middle-East, but does in no way pretend to cover the whole geographical field. The intent is rather to use case studies often taken on the margins of the Empire to discuss some commonly accepted assertions about the functioning of the Empire as a whole and about its relationship to administrative modernity. The aim is to try and go further the "importation" paradigm which often sums up the process of modernisation of the Ottoman bureaucratic apparel. The stake is, from a study of the evolution of the forms of urban government, to discuss and challenge the excessive importance of a vision of an only imported modernity into what is often implicitly or explicitly considered as the empty space of pre-reform urban government. Through a study of what I call the urban Ottoman old regime (the use of this term being based upon a comparative method with ...

Local government in a frontier city of the Ottoman empire. ; Une lecture des enjeux liés au gouvernement urbain dans la ville de Ghadamès, marquée par sa situation de frontière entre aires d'influences (ottomane, coloniale française). Le rôle de la notabilité, les instances délibératives locales.