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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to determine the attitudes of employers in a de‐regulated institutional industrial relations framework, and whether they are still willing to engage in collective bargaining (CB).Design/methodology/approachA cross‐sectional survey design using a self‐administered postal questionnaire, seeks information on employers' attitudes to a range of issues. Included are employers within all 17 standard industry classifications used by previous New Zealand researchers.FindingsThe paper quite convincingly shows that unless employers are prepared to engage in dialogue with employees or third parties and unless the benefits to be gained from such a dialogue are more widely accepted it is unlikely they will engage in CB. Therefore, involvement would appear to be limited to those areas that do not hinder managerial freedom.Originality/valueThis is one of the first studies in New Zealand of employers' attitudes to CB since the 1990s. The paper provides valuable data for policy makers, unions, employers and employment relations researchers.

This paper presents a conceptual model for increasing acceptable working environments for SMEs. It also acts as an editorial for the special issue of Safety Science on 'Managing safety in small and medium enterprises (SMEs)'. It describes how seven of the ten papers in the special issue originate from an international conference in 2013 on Understanding Small Enterprises. It includes a commentary on the papers in the special issue as well as directing the reader to all of the current state-of-the-science sources known to the authors. The paper provides a background to previous research on safety in SMEs, showing how most current policy and legislation on occupational health and safety (OSH) and the work environment is based on large enterprises and that there is a relative paucity of research on OSH in SMEs. In a summary of current knowledge, it is argued that modern OHS legislation and interventions to help improve Work environments need to increasingly take account of the specific characteristics of SMEs. The conceptual model for increasing acceptable working environments for SMEs takes its onset in a legislative standard that is built into intervention programmes and includes three instrument pillars: inspection to enhance compliance, recognition of the standard by the stakeholders in the industry sector and dissemination of information to small enterprises.

Foreword from the International Chamber of Commerce / Alexis Mourre -- Introduction -- Part I Overview / Borzu Sabahi, Marat Umerov and Ian Laird -- Part II : Preinvestment issues -- National regulation of foreign investment / John Laird -- Extraterritorial application of home state laws sactions and anti-corruption legislation / James J. Saulino -- Taxation / Marco A. Blanco and Olga R. Beloded -- Political risk insurance as a means of managing investment risks / Michael Nolan and Erin Culbertson -- Part III : Sources of investors' rights -- International investment agreements / Hernando Otero -- Investment contracts / David Hesse -- Part IV : What are the investors' rights? -- Substantive protection / Claudia Frutos-Peterson and Christina Trahanas -- National treatment and most-favoured-nation treatment / Jose Antonio Rivas, Jean Choi and Brian Bombassaro -- Part V : Jurisdiction -- Consent, nature of investment, and nationality / Perry S. Bechky -- Temporal issues, exceptions, taxes, fork-in-the-road provisions and waivers / Christopher Ryan -- State responsibility / Jose Antonio Rivas, Jean Choi and Brian Bombassaro -- Part VI : Resolution of investment disputes between investors and states -- The arbitration process / Joseph R. Profaizer -- Choice of counsel / Joseph R. Profaizer -- Choice of counsel / Joseph R. Profaizer -- Arbitrators : selection and challenge / Matthew Kirtland -- Third-Party funding in investment disputes / Mirian K. Harwood, Simon Batifort and Christina Trahanas -- Initation of claims and relevant timing / Joseph R. Profaizer -- Mediation and conciliation / Matthew Kirtland -- Interim relief (arbitral tribunal and courts) / Matthew Kirtland -- Bifurcation / Joseph R. Profaizer -- Evidence / Kabir A.N. Duggal -- Counterclaims / Jose Antonio Rivas, Jean Choi and Brian Bombassaro -- Damages and valuation / Borzu Sabahi -- Annulment and set-aside of awards / Juan Felipe Merizalde Urdaneta and David L. Attanasio -- Recognition and enforcement of awards / Juan Felipe Merizalde Urdaneta and David L. Attanasio -- Transparency in investment arbitration / James J. Saulino.

IntroductionIschaemic Heart Disease (IHD) is a leading cause of death in Western countries. Common occupational exposures such as loud noise, long working hours, and sedentary work have been associated with increased IHD risks, but inconsistently.
Objectives and ApproachThis study examines associations between incident IHD and exposure to long working hours, sedentary work, and loud noise. Individual-level microdata from Statistics New Zealand Integrated Data Infrastructure (IDI) were extracted for adults (age 20-64 years) with occupation recorded on the 2013 Census. The number of working hours was extracted from the Census, and exposure to sedentary work and loud noise was assessed through job exposure matrices (JEMs). IHD events (from 2013 to end of 2018) were identified using hospitalisations, prescriptions and deaths. Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using cox regression adjusted for age, socioeconomic status, and smoking. Results were stratified by sex and ethnicity.
ResultsA total of 20,610 IHD cases were identified from 1,594,680 individuals employed at time of Census. Both short (<35) and long (55+) working hours were associated with an increased IHD risk in crude analyses, but effects disappeared after adjustment for age and socioeconomic status. For females, sedentary work (>90% of the time compared to <50%) was associated with a reduced risk (HR(Non-Māori)=0.86, 95%CI=0.75-0.99; HR(Māori)=0.71, 95%CI=0.44-1.14). For males, exposure to the highest noise category (>90dBA) compared to no exposure (<80dBA) was associated with elevated HRs without reaching statistical significance (HR(Non-Māori)=1.12, 95%CI=0.96-1.29; HR(Māori)=1.25, 95%CI=0.89-1.75). For females exposure to the 80-85dBA category compared to no exposure also showed elevated HRs (HR(Non-Māori)=1.14; 95%CI=1.04-1.26; HR(Māori)=1.16; 95%CI=0.93-1.46), but too few females were employed in jobs with the highest noise exposure.
ConclusionThese preliminary analyses do not support sedentary work or long working hours as IHD risk factors, but do suggest a modest increase in IHD risk associated with occupational exposure to noise.