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There is a constant disequilibrium between the supply and paying demand on the world market of agricultural products. Under these conditions the export prices are decreasing. Utilisation of region-of-origin effect can be an important tool for the increasing of value-added content of products. The article analyses the supply and demand side of regional products. It has been proven, that -as a consequence of multicultural character of Hungarian society - there is a wide range of regionally produced, traditional products. Parallel with income differentiation, there is an increasing tendency of willingness to pay among Hungarian consumers for differentiated products. Results of conjoint analysis highlight the fact, that the importance of region of origin and producer's goodwill much more important in formation of utility function of consumers, than it would be estimated by survey-type consumer research.

Ab Ende der 60-er bis Ende der 70-er Jahre war Ungarn in der Liberalisierung seiner Agrarpolitik weit über die in den übrigen sozialistischen Ländern gültigen Rahmenbedingungen hinausgegangen. Die ungarische Landwirtschaft war innerhalb des sozialistischen Lagers ein Vorzeigeobjekt und mit Abstand am leistungsfähigsten. Basis für diese Entwicklung war eine Zusammenarbeit zwischen den Großbetrieben und den Hauswirtschaften, die sogenannten Produktionssysteme. Diese Produktionsform war auf die konkreten ökonomischen und ökologischen Bedingungen abgestimmt und verfügte über einen sicheren Absatzmarkt. Durch das Privatisieren der Landwirtschaft wurden diese verschiedenen Formen der horizontalen und vertikalen Kooperation zerstört. Zeitlich dauerte jedoch der Strukturwandel länger als erwartet. Kapitalmangel und Unsicherheit führten bisher nicht zum erwarteten dauerhaften Aufschwung. Bei der Stabilisierung der Fleischwirtschaft spielten ausländische Direktinvestitionen eine wichtige Rolle. Die landwirtschaftlichen Kleinbetriebe werden jedoch auch in Zukunft weiterbestehen, da über 20% der Bevölkerung statistisch unterhalb des Existenzniveauslebt. Außerdem ermöglichen diese Betriebe als Nebenerwerb auf familiärer Basis die Fortführung der ungarischen Traditionen und des ungarischen Modells. Die wichtigsten Aufgaben in naher Zukunft sind: Verstärken der horizontalen Integration der Kleinbetriebe, Förderung der Konzentration und Verstärken der vertikalen Integration der Fleischverarbeitungsindustrie. (Schlüsselwörter: Privatisierung, Betriebsformen, horizontale und vertikale Integration) ; The linkages between the privatisation of agricultural cooperatives, state- owned enterprises, their restructuring and the participation of foreign capital in both processes are the focus of this paper. In a broad sense, restructuring includes all policy measures and economic processes which increase the efficiency on an economy or of a company. The paper analyses the processes of privatisation and their effect on structure, conduct and strategy of various economic entities in the meat sector. The experience of last ten years puts us in a much stronger analytical position than at the start of the transition. In general it can be stated, that the privatisation of agriculture and food industry was a necessary precondition for improvement of economic competitiveness of meat sector, but did not solve numerous problems, and generated some important contradictions. ; The linkages between the privatisation of agricultural cooperatives, state- owned enterprises, their restructuring and the participation of foreign capital in both processes are the focus of this paper. In a broad sense, restructuring includes all policy measures and economic processes which increase the efficiency on an economy or of a company. The paper analyses the processes of privatisation and their effect on structure, conduct and strategy of various economic entities in the meat sector. The experience of last ten years puts us in a much stronger analytical position than at the start of the transition. In general it can be stated, that the privatisation of agriculture and food industry was a necessary precondition for improvement of economic competitiveness of meat sector, but did not solve numerous problems, and generated some important contradictions.

The increasing social and environmental challenges, particularly poverty, have brought social entrepreneurship, a highly researched domain, to the attention of academicians. It has emerged as a critical issue in the context of economic development and societal well-being. The current study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis in the field of social entrepreneurship and poverty alleviation to explain the current state, geographical performance, and future research agenda. Utilizing VOS viewer (version 1.6.20) and R Studio software (version 4.3.2), 461 final articles were examined and extracted from the Web of Science database, covering the period from 1998 to 2022. The findings reveal a significant increase in research activity in this field since 2009, indicating a growing demand for it as a solution to social challenges. Notably, the years 2021–2022 witnessed a remarkable 55% surge in research output. The Sustainability Journal ranks first as the most productive source, followed by the Journal of Cleaner Production. The most prolific authors are Nina Kolleck from Germany, David Littlewood, and Diane Holt from the UK. Additionally, this study assesses the geographic distribution of research contributions, highlighting regions with relatively lower research performance, such as South Asian and African countries. Leading in this domain are the UK, Spain, the USA, and European institutions. Co-citation patterns reveal four thematic clusters: (1) dynamics of social entrepreneurship; (2) sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystem; (3) social entrepreneurship for social innovation; and (4) integrated sustainable entrepreneurship, shedding light on critical aspects and the intellectual structure of this domain. Finally, keyword co-occurrence analysis identifies emerging research areas, e.g., entrepreneurial development, the role of higher education, enterprise collaboration, inclusive growth, and socio-economic empowerment. This research provides valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners committed to achieving sustainable social change.

Die vielfältigen ökonomischen und politischen Veränderungen in Ungarn zwingen die ungarische Fleischindustrie zu erheblichen Anpassungsvorgängen. Deshalb ist es zweckmäßig, die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit dieses Sektors zu untersuchen, was Gegenstand des vorliegenden Beitrages ist. Wie die deskriptive Analyse zur Lage der ungarischen Fleischwirtschaft zeigt, hat dieser Sektor innerhalb der Lebensmittelindustrie eine grosseBedeutung. Nach dem Modell des weltberühmten amerikanischen Ökonomen Porter sind die wesentlichen Determinanten der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit die faktoriellen Bedingungen, die Unternehmensstrategie und Struktur der Branche, die Existenz ebenfalls wettbewerbsfähiger Vorleistungsindustrien und verwandter Industriebranchen sowie die Nachfragebedingungen. Darüber hinaus wird die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit durch staatliche Eingriffe bedeutend beeinflusst. Ein Vorteil der ungarischen Fleischwirtschaft besteht in den agrarökologischen Bedingungen und den hochqualifizierten Arbeitskräften. Die Verbesserung der zukünftigen Wettbewerbsposition verlangt, die Vorteile der ungarischen Fleischwirtschaft und die economies of scale besser zu nutzen und mit einer zielgerichteten ökonomischen Politik zu kombinieren. (Schlüsselwörter: Systemanalyse, Quellennutzung, Wirschaftspolitik, Verbrauch ) ; The Hungarian meat processing industry plays an important role in satisfying domestic demand and in Hungarian foreign trade. Based on stable former COMECON export, considerable state subsidies and a safe position on the home market, the meat industry developed rapidly before 1990. The rapid collapse of COMECON, the decline of domestic purchasing power and import liberalisation have created a new situation. The paper analyses the chances and possibilities of the application of economic policy conforming to the market for upgrading the competitiveness of the Hungarian meat processing sector. Using Porter's approach of competitiveness, the utilisation of primary resources (agro-ecological potential, capital and labour), market structure, company strategies, the domestic food market and the role of other sectors connected with the meat industry are all analysed as elements of competitiveness. The paper emphasises that some of the fundamental conditions for increasing competitiveness are more expedient exploitation of the possibilities deriving from the present comparative advantages, the stimulation of competition between the participants in the meat industry, the building up of the domestic food market and the development of other fields connected to the meat industry, with special emphasis on material and financial infrastructure as well as on collective marketing activity. ; The Hungarian meat processing industry plays an important role in satisfying domestic demand and in Hungarian foreign trade. Based on stable former COMECON export, considerable state subsidies and a safe position on the home market, the meat industry developed rapidly before 1990. The rapid collapse of COMECON, the decline of domestic purchasing power and import liberalisation have created a new situation. The paper analyses the chances and possibilities of the application of economic policy conforming to the market for upgrading the competitiveness of the Hungarian meat processing sector. Using Porter's approach of competitiveness, the utilisation of primary resources (agro-ecological potential, capital and labour), market structure, company strategies, the domestic food market and the role of other sectors connected with the meat industry are all analysed as elements of competitiveness. The paper emphasises that some of the fundamental conditions for increasing competitiveness are more expedient exploitation of the possibilities deriving from the present comparative advantages, the stimulation of competition between the participants in the meat industry, the building up of the domestic food market and the development of other fields connected to the meat industry, with special emphasis on material and financial infrastructure as well as on collective marketing activity.

As the relevant European Union directives require in-depth sustainability reporting from large institutions, banks are among the concerned with disclosure obligations. Several institutions prepare self-structured recommendations by which companies are indirectly fostered to make their operation more sustainable through reporting and to help compliance with the upcoming Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) regulations. However, in the preparation period, differences can be found in the actual sustainability disclosure practices across Europe (primarily by a western–eastern European relation). To examine this issue, this study aimed to investigate if there was any variation in the reporting compliance with aspects (key performance indicators—KPIs) of three reporting guidelines (Global Reporting Initiative—G4, Financial Services Sector Disclosures—GRI; Alliance for Corporate Transparency—ACT; ISO 26000:2010—ISO) between top European and Hungarian banks according to their 2021 sustainability/ESG reports, using content analysis-based disclosure scoring. The results revealed no significant differences among the general (aspect-pooled) scores for different guidelines, while the differences were significant for each guideline between the two bank groups. In the aspect-level evaluation, the European banks had higher scores in most cases, with the Hungarian banks receiving higher scores in 4 of 49 GRI, 1 of 16 ACT, and 2 of 37 ISO aspects. Significant correlations were indicated in disclosure score values between the two bank groups, which suggested similar preferences for the aspects demonstrated; however, elaboration levels differed. These findings showed that the European and Hungarian banks could be differentiated by their sustainability disclosure patterns. The results suggest a better CSRD-level preparedness of the top European banks than of the Hungarian ones, with the latter being introduced as a model group of the region. This reflects the need for more efficient adoption of best practices by financial institutions in the eastern parts of Europe.