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This article first addresses factors which determine presidential opportunities for shaping domestic policy and emerging change in the post‐Cold War era. Recent changes are seen as providing significant constraints, but also a greater degree of opportunity than is sometimes acknowledged. The scope of those opportunities is then examined by assessing key leadership strategies. While recognizing continuing constraints on direct bargaining roles and significant limitations with the fast start strategy, the discussions points to important opportunities with strategies which include a full mobilization of administration potentials for influence, top‐level negotiation, third‐year shifts, uses of the bully pulpit to modify attitudes and behavior, and administrative actions. The conclusions emphasize that while opportunity levels will continue to have a strong impact on presidential accomplishments, differences in presidential choices of strategies will also contribute to future domestic policy outcomes.

Addresses factors which determine the president's opportunities for shaping domestic policy outcomes; US.

Governors who have had more than eight years of continuous service and won three or more elections in the past four decades. Examines hypotheses regarding the socioeconomic, political, and individual characteristics associated with their emergence, and their degree of political success during later terms of office.

Many states are now actively promoting the creation of new programs addressing the needs of the elderly, especially those who are chronically ill, & to modify regulatory policies & promote private-sector programs benefiting older people. In addition to general state health care funding, states are pursuing Medicaid policy initiatives, innovative community & home-care programs, Alzheimer's disease care services, & supportive housing initiatives. These efforts have included both relatively autonomous state programs & those developed within the intergovernmental system. It is contended that to meet the needs of the growing elderly population in the US, federal policies must recognize the potential for state efforts & not take actions that might reduce state policy innovations, while at the same time addressing the problem of limited response by low-performance states. 1 Table. Adapted from the source document.