Suchergebnisse

This report presents a brief literature review of childhood poverty in Peru, identifies key national audiences for the Young Lives study, explains the study methods used and presents provisional evidence, conclusions and policy implications. The Peruvian economy underwent a series of crises and external shocks in the 1980s and 1990s. The number of poor households rose rapidly from 43 per cent of the total in 1985-86 to 59 per cent in 1991. Despite reforms in the 1990s, Peru has one of the highest rates of income inequality in Latin America. Childhood poverty rates are higher than poverty rates in the general population. Health indicators reveal a large gap between rural and urban regions. Peru has the third highest child malnutrition rate in Latin America and the third worst ranking for nutritional inequality. In education, by contrast, the Peruvian government has made great strides. By 2000, primary school enrolment had almost become universal and around 73 per cent of 12- to 16-year-olds were enrolled in secondary education. There are no accurate statistics but it is also estimated that over two million children work in Peru. Among 14- to 17-year-olds that work, 40 per cent are out of school. Working children who are in school are, on average, two to four years behind their peers. Peru's Children and Adolescents Code, passed in 2000, brought national legislation into line with the standards of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. However, state agencies in charge of providing protection and services, are under-resourced. Young Lives research is providing a unique opportunity to identify how government policies and programmes could improve children's lives. Young Lives research in Peru provides a unique opportunity to learn about poverty in the country and to contribute to the formulation of effective policies aimed at improving children's lives. The preliminary results presented in this paper provide important data on housing, nutrition, food aid, health, education, the environment, economic shocks, and ...

This report presents a brief literature review of childhood poverty in Peru, identifies key national audiences for the Young Lives study, explains the study methods used and presents provisional evidence, conclusions and policy implications. The Peruvian economy underwent a series of crises and external shocks in the 1980s and 1990s. The number of poor households rose rapidly from 43 per cent of the total in 1985-86 to 59 per cent in 1991. Despite reforms in the 1990s, Peru has one of the highest rates of income inequality in Latin America. Childhood poverty rates are higher than poverty rates in the general population. Health indicators reveal a large gap between rural and urban regions. Peru has the third highest child malnutrition rate in Latin America and the third worst ranking for nutritional inequality. In education, by contrast, the Peruvian government has made great strides. By 2000, primary school enrolment had almost become universal and around 73 per cent of 12- to 16-year-olds were enrolled in secondary education. There are no accurate statistics but it is also estimated that over two million children work in Peru. Among 14- to 17-year-olds that work, 40 per cent are out of school. Working children who are in school are, on average, two to four years behind their peers. Peru's Children and Adolescents Code, passed in 2000, brought national legislation into line with the standards of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. However, state agencies in charge of providing protection and services, are under-resourced. Young Lives research is providing a unique opportunity to identify how government policies and programmes could improve children's lives. Young Lives research in Peru provides a unique opportunity to learn about poverty in the country and to contribute to the formulation of effective policies aimed at improving children's lives. The preliminary results presented in this paper provide important data on housing, nutrition, food aid, health, education, the environment, economic shocks, and ...

OBJECTIVE: Estimates of vaccination costs usually provide only point estimates at national level with no information on cost variation. In practice, however, such information is necessary for programme managers. This paper presents information on the variations in costs of delivering routine immunization services in three diverse districts of Peru: Ayacucho (a mountainous area), San Martin (a jungle area) and Lima (a coastal area). METHODS: We consider the impact of variability on predictions of cost and reflect on the likely impact on expected cost-effectiveness ratios, policy decisions and future research practice. All costs are in 2002 prices in US dollars and include the costs of providing vaccination services incurred by 19 government health facilities during the January-December 2002 financial year. Vaccine wastage rates have been estimated using stock records. FINDINGS: The cost per fully vaccinated child ranged from 16.63-24.52 U.S. Dollars in Ayacucho, 21.79-36.69 U.S. Dollars in San Martin and 9.58-20.31 U.S. Dollars in Lima. The volume of vaccines administered and wastage rates are determinants of the variation in costs of delivering routine immunization services. CONCLUSION: This study shows there is considerable variation in the costs of providing vaccines across geographical regions and different types of facilities. Information on how costs vary can be used as a basis from which to generalize to other settings and provide more accurate estimates for decision-makers who do not have disaggregated data on local costs. Future studies should include sufficiently large sample sizes and ensure that regions are carefully selected in order to maximize the interpretation of cost variation.