Suchergebnisse

Adds to insights into peripheral nationalism by comparing selfidentification within the same group but in 2 different political systems. Study of the Basques in Spain and France permits a comparison of the same group, thus imposing an analytical control on ethnicity, under 2 different sets of state policy directions. (Abstract amended)

OBJECTIVE—To assess the effectiveness of interventions to reduce underage access to tobacco by deterring shopkeepers from making illegal sales. METHOD—Systematic literature review. DATA SOURCES—The Cochrane Tobacco Addiction group specialised register and Medline. Studies of interventions to alter retailer behaviour were identified. The terms used for searching combined terms for smoking and tobacco use with terms for minors, children or young people, and retailers, sales or commerce. STUDY SELECTION—Studies in which there was an intervention with retailers of tobacco, either through education about, or enforcement of, local ordinances. The outcomes were changes in retailer compliance with legislation (assessed by test purchasing), changes in young people's perceived ease of access to tobacco products, and changes in smoking behaviour. Controlled studies with or without random allocation of retail outlets or communities, and uncontrolled studies with pre- and post intervention assessment, were included. DATA EXTRACTION—Two reviewers assessed studies for inclusion. One extracted data with checking by the second. DATA SYNTHESIS—The results were synthesised qualitatively, with greater weight given to controlled studies. Thirteen of 27 included studies used controls. RESULTS—Giving retailers information was less effective in reducing illegal sales than active enforcement and/or multicomponent educational strategies. No strategy achieved complete, sustained compliance. In three controlled trials, there was little effect of intervention on youth perceptions of access or prevalence of smoking. CONCLUSIONS—Interventions with retailers can lead to large decreases in the number of outlets selling tobacco to youths. However, few of the communities studied in this review achieved sustained levels of high compliance. This may explain why there is limited evidence for an effect of intervention on youth perception of ease of access to tobacco, and on smoking behaviour. Keywords: smoking prevention; sales to minors; young ...

As with other areas of comparative political inquiry, analyses of political corruption must carefully negotiate around numerous methodological issues. In this article, we focus primarily on problems of operationalization & measurement of corruption. We evaluate the major examples of cross-country measures of corruption that have recently emerged & review research that has incorporated the new measures. We end with a discussion of an alternative method for the cross-national measurement & analysis of corruption, one that might also facilitate the goal of establishing universal principles & causal claims about political corruption. 2 Tables, 1 Appendix, 63 References. Adapted from the source document.

Takes an initial step in broadening comparative research on pork barrel politics beyond the American and British cases. Through a case study of the Federal Republic of Germany a strong comparative perspective of different types of elctoral systems--single- and multimember districts is maintained. Tests the hypothesis that single-member district systems possess stronger incentives than multimember districts for the distributive allocation of pork barrel projects. (Abstract amended)