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In this special issue, top researchers from a diversity of disciplines provide an overview of and insights into the major social, cultural, and structural variables that play a role in Black women''s poor health, and differential morbidity and mortality. The articles focus on the major threats to Black women''s health such as diabetes, obesity, cancer, violence, and AIDS, and utilize a wide range of qualitative and quantitative methods from medicine, psychology, sociology, and feminist analysis. Among the articles are: * An examination of the role of Black women''s cultural and ethnomedical be

Introduction : the state of research on Black women in health psychology and behavioral medicine / Elizabeth A. Klonoff, Hope Landrine, and Delia L. Lang -- Cultural barriers to cancer screening among African American women : a critical review of the qualitative literature / Laurie Hoffman-Goetz and Sherry L. Mills -- Cancer screening behaviors of low-income women : the impact of race / Electra D. Paskett. [et al.] -- Importance of psychological variables in understanding risk perceptions and breast cancer screening of African American women / Deborah Bowen, Kari-Mae Hickman, and Diane Powers -- Obesity among African American women : prevalence, consequences, causes, and developing research / David B. Allison, Lynn Edlen-Nezin, and Gaynelle Clay-Williams -- Diabetes in African American women : the silent epidemic / Wylie McNabb, Michael Quinn, and Janet Tobian -- Health-care-related attitudes and utilization among African American women / Lonnie R. Snowden, Anne Libby, and Kathleen Thomas -- Intimate violence and Black women's health / Nancy Felipe Russo. [et al.] -- HIV risk behaviors among inner-city African American women / Kathleen J. Sikkema. [et al.] -- Conclusions : the future of research on Black women's health / Hope Landrine and Elizabeth A. Klonoff.

IMPORTANCE: Despite progress against tobacco sales to minors, retailers continue to violate state and federal laws and supply adolescent smokers with tobacco products. Government-sanctioned surveys underestimate the extent of the problem, and retailer associations use these data to block stricter enforcement policies. OBJECTIVES: To assess the validity of the US federal retailer violation rate (RVR) as an estimate of the proportion of retailers that sell tobacco to minors and to investigate what proportion always or almost always sells vs refuses to sell cigarettes to minors. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This survey study was conducted October 6, 2012, to September 8, 2013; data were analyzed between September 28, 2017, and March 21, 2018. The setting was a suburban county adjacent to Denver, Colorado. Participants were a systematically selected, population-based cluster sample of retailers that stock cigarettes for sale. Retailers were masked to the survey. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Each retailer was visited 6 times by supervised minors who attempted to purchase cigarettes at each visit. The main outcome was whether cigarettes were sold. Other measures included whether government-issued photo identification (ID) was requested as required by law, how ID was examined, and what the demographic characteristics of study minors and clerks were. RESULTS: The sample of 201 retailers (44.8% of the 449 listed population) included convenience stores (n = 77), liquor stores (n = 63), grocery stores/supermarkets (n = 33), pharmacies (n = 17), tobacco stores (n = 7), and stand-alone gas stations (n = 4). Bars, clubs, and adult establishments were excluded. A total of 1181 purchase attempts were analyzed; 25 (2.1%) were excluded for missing data. The mean RVR across 6 rounds of checks was 18.0% (95% CI, 14.7%-21.2%) and ranged from 13.7% to 28.0% per round. Most retailers (54.7% [110 of 201]) violated at least once in 6 visits, 26.4% (53 of 201) violated at least twice, and 11.9% (24 of 201) violated half or more ...

AbstractWhile it is clear that self-reported racial/ethnic discrimination is related to illness, there are challenges in measuring self-reported discrimination or unfair treatment. In the present study, we evaluate the psychometric properties of a self-reported instrument across racial/ethnic groups in a population-based sample, and we test and interpret findings from applying two different widely-used approaches to asking about discrimination and unfair treatment. Even though we found that the subset of items we tested tap into a single underlying concept, we also found that different groups are more likely to report on different aspects of discrimination. Whether race is mentioned in the survey question affects both frequency and mean scores of reports of racial/ethnic discrimination. Our findings suggest caution to researchers when comparing studies that have used different approaches to measure racial/ethnic discrimination and allow us to suggest practical empirical guidelines for measuring and analyzing racial/ethnic discrimination. No less important, we have developed a self-reported measure of recent racial/ethnic discrimination that functions well in a range of different racial/ethnic groups and makes it possible to compare how racial/ethnic discrimination is associated with health disparities among multiple racial/ethnic groups.