Suchergebnisse

Introduction : putting faith in doubt -- Miracles and skeptics -- Stunned Victorians look backward and inward -- Feeling doubt, then drinking it -- Natural history sparks honest doubt -- Uncertainty becomes a way of life -- Faith-based certainty meets the gospel of doubt

ABSTRACTBackground Campylobacteriosis is a major public health concern. Despite evidence that climate factors influence the spatio-temporal patterns of the infections; their impact is not fully described and understood.
ObjectivesTo examine methods for determining the impact of rainfall and temperature on Campylobacter cases in England and Wales.
MethodsReported cases for England and Wales were linked to local temperature and rainfall at laboratory postcode locations in the 30 days before the specimen date. Descriptive, statistical and spatial methods included a novel Comparative Conditional Incidence (CCI), wavelet analysis, hierarchical clustering, generalized additive model (GAM) and generalized structural time series model (GEST).ResultsThe Campylobacter increase in late spring was linked to temperature two weeks prior, with an increase in CCI of 0.175 cases per 100,000 per week for weeks 17 to 24; the relationship was non-linear and changed through the year. GEST with penalized varying temperature coefficient found 33% of the seasonal change was attributable to temperature, while with a fixed temperature coefficient found 8%. Wavelet analysis showed a strong annual cycle, with harmonics at six and four months and no simple association with temperature or rainfall. Geographic clustering showed three clusters with geographic similarities, representing metropolitan, rural, and other areas.
ConclusionsOur analyses provide more robust and convincing associations than simple regression analysis. The association with temperature is likely to be indirect and the primary driver remains to be determined. Local-temporal linkage of weather parameters and cases is important in improving the resolution of climate associations with infectious diseases and provides methods which can improve disease predictions. Further examination of data from a wider geographic area and longer time series should improve the understanding of the epidemiology and drivers of human Campylobacter infections.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- 1. Introduction: Why "Against Health"? -- Part I : What Is Health, Anyway? -- 2. What Is Health and How Do You Get It? -- 3 Risky Bigness: On Obesity, Eating, and the Ambiguity of "Health" -- 4 Against Global Health? Arbitrating Science, Non-Science, and Nonsense through Health -- Part II : Seeing Health through Morality -- 5 The Social Immorality of Health in the Gene Age: Race, Disability, and Inequality -- 6. Fat Panic and the New Morality -- 7 Against Breastfeeding (Sometimes) -- Part III : Making Health and Disease -- 8 Pharmaceutical Propaganda -- 9 The Strangely Passive-Aggressive History of Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder -- 10 Obsession: Against Mental Health -- 11 Atomic Health, or How The Bomb Altered American Notions of Death -- Part IV : Pleasure and Pain after Health -- 12 How Much Sex Is Healthy? The Pleasures of Asexuality -- 13 Be Prepared -- 14 In the Name of Pain -- 15 Conclusion: What Next? -- About the Contributors -- Index

This revision of the classification of eukaryotes follows that of Adl et al., 2012 [J. Euk. Microbiol. 59(5)] and retains an emphasis on protists. Changes since have improved the resolution of many nodes in phylogenetic analyses. For some clades even families are being clearly resolved. As we had predicted, environmental sampling in the intervening years has massively increased the genetic information at hand. Consequently, we have discovered novel clades, exciting new genera and uncovered a massive species level diversity beyond the morphological species descriptions. Several clades known from environmental samples only have now found their home. Sampling soils, deeper marine waters and the deep sea will continue to fill us with surprises. The main changes in this revision are the confirmation that eukaryotes form at least two domains, the loss of monophyly in the Excavata, robust support for the Haptista and Cryptista. We provide suggested primer sets for DNA sequences from environmental samples that are effective for each clade. We have provided a guide to trophic functional guilds in an appendix, to facilitate the interpretation of environmental samples, and a standardized taxonomic guide for East Asian users. ; ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. After the first author, D. Bass, C.E Lane, J. Lukes, C. L. Schoch and A. Smirnov have contributed equally and are to be considered second authors; subsequent authors are listed alphabetically and are to be considered third authors. We were saddened and hurt by the untimely loss of two dear colleagues, D.H. Lynn and J. Clamp, both ciliatologists. Research support was provided as follows: SMA by NSERC 249889-2007; DB by NERC NE/H009426/1 and NE/H000887/1; MWB by NSF 1456054; FB by a Fellowship from Science for Life Laboratory and VR/2017-04563; PC by EU-Horizon 2020 research and innovation program through the SponGES project 679849 (This document reflects only the authors' view and the Executive Agency for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (EASME) is not responsible for any use that ...