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National audience ; The Xynthia storm, which occurred on the night of February 27-28, 2010, was a major disaster, with 47 victims and estimated damages between 2.1 and 2.5 billion of euros. A compilation of numerous reports and publications shows some conflicts between expertise and political decisions, between economic development and population security, between memory and forgetting. The community of La Faute-sur-Mer was particularly affected with 29 victims. Transcripts of the hearings of the trials of 2014 and 2016 give an in-depth investigation of the main failures of flood risk mitigation. The storm Xynthia has been a source of major improvements for flood risk prevention tools, in particular the implementation of an alert system for marine submersions, the creation of a "Rapid Submersion Plan", and a new National Observatory for Natural Hazards.We conclude by emphasizing that the public should be better involved in flood risk prevention, with important issues related to risk education, vulnerability and resilience of society. ; Cet article présente une analyse critique de la politique de prévention du risque d'inondation en France, au travers de la submersion marine provoquée par la tempête Xynthia, en février 2010. Cet article s'appuie sur les nombreux retours d'expérience et publications que la catastrophe a suscités. Après un rappel rapide sur le phénomène météorologique et la gestion de la crise, nous passons en revue les principales causes structurelles et conjoncturelles qui ont conduit à transformer un aléa naturel non exceptionnel en catastrophe majeure (47 morts, dommages estimés entre 2,1 et 2,5 milliards d'euros). Un zoom spécifique est présenté sur la commune de La Faute-sur-Mer, particulièrement touchée avec 29 victimes, en exploitant les comptes rendus d'audience des deux procès (2014 et 2016). En conclusion, nous insistons sur le besoin de développer une expertise citoyenne sur le risque.

International audience ; The levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere keep increasing every year, and despite the adoption of the Paris agreement, one cannot expect any significant dip in the trend in the near future. We may therefore legitimately question the efficiency of the current governance system, notably concerning the interplay between science and policy. The strategy adopted by the UNFCCC in Paris contrasts with the strategy adopted in Kyoto, as it endorses a dynamic that is more bottom-up. Its success will depend greatly on the ability of the actors to mobilise on climate issues and to find ways to work together. Scientific expertise has a key role to play to this respect. This paper is a reflection led by the French Association for Disaster Risk Reduction on how the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change could evolve in order to usefully accompany that strategy. Introducing more reflexivity in the assessment process and widening aspects of the expertise to a more diverse and transdisciplinary range of actors could improve the treatment of uncertainties, multi-scale interactions and the appropriation of expertise, as well as the integration of adaptation and mitigation policies. In practical terms, this could involve more working groups, which could become more focused, drawing up shorter but more frequent reports, and taking account of the "grey" expert literature. The implementation of such an approach merits further investigation, because these improvements could help address the governance challenges in climate change. ; Les niveaux de gaz à effet de serre dans l'atmosphère continuent d'augmenter chaque année, et malgré l'adoption de l'accord de Paris, on ne peut s'attendre à une baisse significative de la tendance dans un proche avenir. On peut donc légitimement s'interroger sur l'efficacité du système de gouvernance actuel, notamment sur l'interaction entre science et politique. La stratégie adoptée par la CCNUCC à Paris contraste avec celle retenue à Kyoto, car elle soutient une ...

International audience ; The levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere keep increasing every year, and despite the adoption of the Paris agreement, one cannot expect any significant dip in the trend in the near future. We may therefore legitimately question the efficiency of the current governance system, notably concerning the interplay between science and policy. The strategy adopted by the UNFCCC in Paris contrasts with the strategy adopted in Kyoto, as it endorses a dynamic that is more bottom-up. Its success will depend greatly on the ability of the actors to mobilise on climate issues and to find ways to work together. Scientific expertise has a key role to play to this respect. This paper is a reflection led by the French Association for Disaster Risk Reduction on how the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change could evolve in order to usefully accompany that strategy. Introducing more reflexivity in the assessment process and widening aspects of the expertise to a more diverse and transdisciplinary range of actors could improve the treatment of uncertainties, multi-scale interactions and the appropriation of expertise, as well as the integration of adaptation and mitigation policies. In practical terms, this could involve more working groups, which could become more focused, drawing up shorter but more frequent reports, and taking account of the "grey" expert literature. The implementation of such an approach merits further investigation, because these improvements could help address the governance challenges in climate change. ; Les niveaux de gaz à effet de serre dans l'atmosphère continuent d'augmenter chaque année, et malgré l'adoption de l'accord de Paris, on ne peut s'attendre à une baisse significative de la tendance dans un proche avenir. On peut donc légitimement s'interroger sur l'efficacité du système de gouvernance actuel, notamment sur l'interaction entre science et politique. La stratégie adoptée par la CCNUCC à Paris contraste avec celle retenue à Kyoto, car elle soutient une ...

International audience ; The levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere keep increasing every year, and despite the adoption of the Paris agreement, one cannot expect any significant dip in the trend in the near future. We may therefore legitimately question the efficiency of the current governance system, notably concerning the interplay between science and policy. The strategy adopted by the UNFCCC in Paris contrasts with the strategy adopted in Kyoto, as it endorses a dynamic that is more bottom-up. Its success will depend greatly on the ability of the actors to mobilise on climate issues and to find ways to work together. Scientific expertise has a key role to play to this respect. This paper is a reflection led by the French Association for Disaster Risk Reduction on how the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change could evolve in order to usefully accompany that strategy. Introducing more reflexivity in the assessment process and widening aspects of the expertise to a more diverse and transdisciplinary range of actors could improve the treatment of uncertainties, multi-scale interactions and the appropriation of expertise, as well as the integration of adaptation and mitigation policies. In practical terms, this could involve more working groups, which could become more focused, drawing up shorter but more frequent reports, and taking account of the "grey" expert literature. The implementation of such an approach merits further investigation, because these improvements could help address the governance challenges in climate change. ; Les niveaux de gaz à effet de serre dans l'atmosphère continuent d'augmenter chaque année, et malgré l'adoption de l'accord de Paris, on ne peut s'attendre à une baisse significative de la tendance dans un proche avenir. On peut donc légitimement s'interroger sur l'efficacité du système de gouvernance actuel, notamment sur l'interaction entre science et politique. La stratégie adoptée par la CCNUCC à Paris contraste avec celle retenue à Kyoto, car elle soutient une dynamique plus ascendante. Son succès dépendra beaucoup de la capacité des acteurs à se mobiliser sur les questions climatiques et à trouver des moyens de travailler ensemble. L'expertise scientifique a un rôle clé à jouer à cet égard. Ce document est une réflexion menée par l'Association française pour la prévention des catastrophes naturelles sur la façon dont le Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat pourrait évoluer afin d'accompagner utilement cette stratégie. Introduire plus de réflexivité dans le processus d'évaluation et élargir les aspects de l'expertise à une gamme d'acteurs plus diversifiée et transdisciplinaire pourrait améliorer le traitement des incertitudes, les interactions multi-échelles et l'appropriation des expertises, ainsi que l'intégration des politiques d'adaptation et d'atténuation. En termes pratiques, cela pourrait impliquer davantage de groupes de travail, qui pourraient devenir plus ciblés, en rédigeant des rapports plus courts mais plus fréquents, et en tenant compte de la littérature d'experts "grise". La mise en oeuvre d'une telle approche mérite un examen plus approfondi, car ces améliorations pourraient aider à relever les défis de la gouvernance en matière de changement climatique.

International audience ; The levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere keep increasing every year, and despite the adoption of the Paris agreement, one cannot expect any significant dip in the trend in the near future. We may therefore legitimately question the efficiency of the current governance system, notably concerning the interplay between science and policy. The strategy adopted by the UNFCCC in Paris contrasts with the strategy adopted in Kyoto, as it endorses a dynamic that is more bottom-up. Its success will depend greatly on the ability of the actors to mobilise on climate issues and to find ways to work together. Scientific expertise has a key role to play to this respect. This paper is a reflection led by the French Association for Disaster Risk Reduction on how the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change could evolve in order to usefully accompany that strategy. Introducing more reflexivity in the assessment process and widening aspects of the expertise to a more diverse and transdisciplinary range of actors could improve the treatment of uncertainties, multi-scale interactions and the appropriation of expertise, as well as the integration of adaptation and mitigation policies. In practical terms, this could involve more working groups, which could become more focused, drawing up shorter but more frequent reports, and taking account of the "grey" expert literature. The implementation of such an approach merits further investigation, because these improvements could help address the governance challenges in climate change. ; Les niveaux de gaz à effet de serre dans l'atmosphère continuent d'augmenter chaque année, et malgré l'adoption de l'accord de Paris, on ne peut s'attendre à une baisse significative de la tendance dans un proche avenir. On peut donc légitimement s'interroger sur l'efficacité du système de gouvernance actuel, notamment sur l'interaction entre science et politique. La stratégie adoptée par la CCNUCC à Paris contraste avec celle retenue à Kyoto, car elle soutient une dynamique plus ascendante. Son succès dépendra beaucoup de la capacité des acteurs à se mobiliser sur les questions climatiques et à trouver des moyens de travailler ensemble. L'expertise scientifique a un rôle clé à jouer à cet égard. Ce document est une réflexion menée par l'Association française pour la prévention des catastrophes naturelles sur la façon dont le Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat pourrait évoluer afin d'accompagner utilement cette stratégie. Introduire plus de réflexivité dans le processus d'évaluation et élargir les aspects de l'expertise à une gamme d'acteurs plus diversifiée et transdisciplinaire pourrait améliorer le traitement des incertitudes, les interactions multi-échelles et l'appropriation des expertises, ainsi que l'intégration des politiques d'adaptation et d'atténuation. En termes pratiques, cela pourrait impliquer davantage de groupes de travail, qui pourraient devenir plus ciblés, en rédigeant des rapports plus courts mais plus fréquents, et en tenant compte de la littérature d'experts "grise". La mise en oeuvre d'une telle approche mérite un examen plus approfondi, car ces améliorations pourraient aider à relever les défis de la gouvernance en matière de changement climatique.

The 2007 Flood Directive, voted by European Union, establish a new framework for public policies of flooding risk, particularly doing an emphasis on historical floods integration. In 2011, a preliminary assessment on French territory allowed to distinguish 2000 floods events, and then a subset of 176 remarkables floods. These floods were documented in a computer database, for their future integration by flood risk managers. Basing on this selection, this article proposes a reflection about the remarkability concept analyzing major French floods.To distinguish the mains remarkability factors, an evaluation grid is developed by comparing qualitative and quantitative information. The grid methodology is detailed with three main axes: spatial extension, hazard level (intensity) and gravity (impacts). To justify the evaluation grid's interest, a concrete application is effectuated on March 1930 flood in South-West of France by completing a description of its mains characteristics. ; La Directive Inondation, votée en 2007 par l'Union Européenne, dessine un nouveau cadre aux politiques publiques de gestion du risque. L'accent y est notamment mis sur la prise en compte des risques d'inondations passés. Dans ce contexte, une analyse préalable du risque sur le territoire métropolitain français a permis de dégager 2000 évènements, restreints par la suite à 176. dits remarquables. Ces évènements sont renseignés au sein d'une base de données informatique en vue d'une appropriation par les différents acteurs de la gestion du risque. En se basant sur cette sélection, l'article propose une réflexion sur le concept de remarquabilité, avec l'analyse d'inondations majeures sur le territoire français. Pour dégager les facteurs principaux de remarquabilité, une grille de lecture est développée, mettant en relation informations historiques et récentes, données qualitatives et quantitatives. La méthodologie de la grille est détaillée au travers de trois axes principaux : extension spatiale, intensité et gravité. Afin de justifier ...

The 2007 Flood Directive, voted by European Union, establish a new framework for public policies of flooding risk, particularly doing an emphasis on historical floods integration. In 2011, a preliminary assessment on French territory allowed to distinguish 2000 floods events, and then a subset of 176 remarkables floods. These floods were documented in a computer database, for their future integration by flood risk managers. Basing on this selection, this article proposes a reflection about the remarkability concept analyzing major French floods.To distinguish the mains remarkability factors, an evaluation grid is developed by comparing qualitative and quantitative information. The grid methodology is detailed with three main axes: spatial extension, hazard level (intensity) and gravity (impacts). To justify the evaluation grid's interest, a concrete application is effectuated on March 1930 flood in South-West of France by completing a description of its mains characteristics. ; La Directive Inondation, votée en 2007 par l'Union Européenne, dessine un nouveau cadre aux politiques publiques de gestion du risque. L'accent y est notamment mis sur la prise en compte des risques d'inondations passés. Dans ce contexte, une analyse préalable du risque sur le territoire métropolitain français a permis de dégager 2000 évènements, restreints par la suite à 176. dits remarquables. Ces évènements sont renseignés au sein d'une base de données informatique en vue d'une appropriation par les différents acteurs de la gestion du risque. En se basant sur cette sélection, l'article propose une réflexion sur le concept de remarquabilité, avec l'analyse d'inondations majeures sur le territoire français. Pour dégager les facteurs principaux de remarquabilité, une grille de lecture est développée, mettant en relation informations historiques et récentes, données qualitatives et quantitatives. La méthodologie de la grille est détaillée au travers de trois axes principaux : extension spatiale, intensité et gravité. Afin de justifier l'emploi de cette grille, une application concrète est effectuée sur la crue de mars 1930 dans le sud-ouest de la France, en revenant sur ses principales caractéristiques.

This topical book is the first publication that focuses on the impact of the CCCTB project on relations between the European Union and third countries. Although the CCCTB system will only be applicable within the European Union, it will also have wide-ranging impacts for non-resident companies. The book considers the impact of the CCCTB from the perspective of non-EU-based enterprises that are carrying on business in the EU through the operation of branches or subsidiaries in Member States. It incorporates the perspectives of leading scholars from all over Europe as well as from third countrie

In July/August 2018, a measles outbreak occurred in a reception facility for asylum seekers in Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany. A five-year-old child and an 18-year-old man from Moldova were affected. At the time of the report, 491 people were accommodated at the facility. The outbreak was limited to the two cases mentioned by the consistent use of infection control measures. Decisive factors for successfully combating this outbreak were, in particular, the close cooperation of the local public health authority (Gesundheitsamt) with the district government officials, the institution's management, and the general practitioners on site. The measures taken included the early information of all parties involved, the timely and repeated implementation of containment vaccinations, a consequent segregation of contagion and/or disease suspects and the critical consideration of each individual case in connection with the separate risk-adapted segregation of particularly vulnerable cohorts. ; Im Juli/August 2018 kam es in einer Massenunterkunft für Asylsuchende in Regensburg zu einem Masernausbruch. Betroffen waren ein fünfjähriges Kind und ein 18-jähriger Mann aus Moldawien. Zum Zeitpunkt der Meldung waren 491 Personen in der Unterkunft untergebracht. Der Ausbruch konnte durch den konsequenten Einsatz von Infektionsschutzmaßnahmen auf die genannten beiden Fälle limitiert werden. Maßgeblich für die erfolgreiche Bekämpfung dieses Ausbruchs waren insbesondere die enge Zusammenarbeit des Gesundheitsamtes mit den Verantwortlichen der Regierung, der Einrichtungsleitung und den vor Ort tätigen Allgemeinmedizinern. Die ergriffenen Maßnahmen beinhalteten die frühzeitige Information aller Beteiligten, die rechtzeitige und wiederholte Durchführung von Riegelungsimpfungen, eine konsequente Absonderung von Ansteckungs- und/oder Krankheitsverdächtigen sowie die kritische Abwägung jedes Einzelfalles im Zusammenhang mit der getrennten risikoadaptierten Absonderung von besonders gefährdeten Kohorten.

Abstract. Flood frequency analysis (FFA) aims at estimating quantiles with large return periods for an extreme discharge variable. Many FFA implementations are used in operational practice in France. These implementations range from the estimation of a pre-specified distribution to continuous simulation approaches using a rainfall simulator coupled with a rainfall–runoff model. This diversity of approaches raises questions regarding the limits of each implementation and calls for a nation-wide comparison of their predictive performances. This paper presents the results of a national comparison of the main FFA implementations used in France. More accurately, eight implementations are considered, corresponding to the local, regional and local-regional estimation of Gumbel and Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distributions, as well as the local and regional versions of a continuous simulation approach. A data-based comparison framework is applied to these eight competitors to evaluate their predictive performances in terms of reliability and stability, using daily flow data from more than 1000 gauging stations in France. Results from this comparative exercise suggest that two implementations dominate their competitors in terms of predictive performances, namely the local version of the continuous simulation approach and the local-regional estimation of a GEV distribution. More specific conclusions include the following: (i) the Gumbel distribution is not suitable for Mediterranean catchments, since this distribution demonstrably leads to an underestimation of flood quantiles; (ii) the local estimation of a GEV distribution is not recommended, because the difficulty in estimating the shape parameter results in frequent predictive failures; (iii) all the purely regional implementations evaluated in this study displayed a quite poor reliability, suggesting that prediction in completely ungauged catchments remains a challenge.

Abstract. Interdisciplinary frameworks for studying natural hazards and their temporal trends have an important potential in data generation for risk assessment, land use planning, and therefore the sustainable management of resources. This paper focuses on the adjustments required because of the wide variety of scientific fields involved in the reconstruction and characterisation of flood events for the past 1000 years. The aim of this paper is to describe various methodological aspects of the study of flood events in their historical dimension, including the critical evaluation of old documentary and instrumental sources, flood-event classification and hydraulic modelling, and homogeneity and quality control tests. Standardized criteria for flood classification have been defined and applied to the Isère and Drac floods in France, from 1600 to 1950, and to the Ter, the Llobregat and the Segre floods, in Spain, from 1300 to 1980. The analysis on the Drac and Isère data series from 1600 to the present day showed that extraordinary and catastrophic floods were not distributed uniformly in time. However, the largest floods (general catastrophic floods) were homogeneously distributed in time within the period 1600–1900. No major flood occurred during the 20th century in these rivers. From 1300 to the present day, no homogeneous behaviour was observed for extraordinary floods in the Spanish rivers. The largest floods were uniformly distributed in time within the period 1300–1900, for the Segre and Ter rivers.