Part I of the two-part article on agricultural mechanization in the Philippines provides the brief historical background of its development. The past colonial governments of Spain (1521 to 1898), which had focused on plantation crop production for supply of raw materials to the mother country and made the local inhabitants "hewers of wood and drawers of water," and the US (1901 to 1946), which focused mostly on basic and soft profession education (teaching, law and medicine) and little in hard profession and technology education (agriculture, engineering and industry) had not transferred agricultural mechanization technologies early on and more importantly, had not established a culture base of entrepreneurship and manufacturing of power and machinery such as blacksmithing and foundry to support agriculture. Such historical developments have shaped the less risky and easier importation culture than local manufacture of the agricultural machinery at the expense of exports of raw agricultural and natural resource products. The foreign exchange revenues could have financed infrastructures and manufacturing equipment. The vision of President Quirino (1948-1953) to strengthen industrialization by initially protecting the fledgling industries that he encouraged to be established during his term was met with strong opposition lobby among the import-oriented business sector of the time and led to his failure to get re-elected for a second term. What started out as an economic tiger in Asia, second only to Japan, resulted in the Philippines being a laggard among the newly industrializing countries because the succeeding administrations ignored his vision of an industrialized Philippines although President Marcos (1965-1986) and President Ramos (1992-1998) revived it, albeit partially during their terms. Part II discusses the current status of agricultural mechanization, which may lead to the formulation of strategies as provided by the Agriculture and Fisheries Mechanization (AFMech) Law of 2013, a landmark legislation that firms up the policy of modernizing Philippine agriculture through agricultural mechanization supported by the installation of institutional and physical infrastructures starting in the early 1970s. Industrialization for economic development is recommended as strategy to support agricultural development.
Several changes in the rice and other crop production landscape in the Philippines have occurred since an account of the status of agricultural mechanization was reported forty-five years ago in the first issue (Spring 1971) of Agricultural Mechanization in Southeast Asia, now AMA (Lantin, 1971). Part I of the two-part article on agricultural mechanization in the Philippines provides the brief background of its development. Part II will discuss the current status of agricultural mechanization and the formulation of strategies after having set out a firm policy as provided by the Agriculture and Fisheries Mechanization (AFMech) Law of 2013. Historically, the following chronology of development events related to agriculture and agricultural mechanization that have been unfolding through the years and marked by milestones, have had significant impact on shaping the present status of agricultural mechanization in the Philippines: Before 1521 (Pre-Spanish era) • Blacksmithing and metalworking technologies, probably acquired from Chinese traders, are used for making weapons, household metal wares, hand tools and paraphernalia for fishing and rudimentary agriculture; • Inhabitants thrive on hunting, fishing and little agriculture; natural resources are abundant and more than enough for a small population of tribes sparsely distributed throughout the archipelago; • Ifugao rice terraces in the mountains of Luzon and cultivation techniques have already been well-developed and sustained through the culture of the Indigenous People since about 2,000 years ago. 1521-1898 (Spanish colonial regime) • Spaniards introduce single animal-drawn wooden plow with cast-iron plowshare and moldboard, carabao (water buffalo)-drawn carts for agricultural produce transport and horse-drawn calesas (carriage) for personnel transport; • Spaniards introduce processing technologies such as for making chocolate tablets from cacao, concrete and wood construction technologies for structures such as churches and public buildings and blacksmithing such as for horses a cart and carriage wheels, hand tools and plow accessories. 1902-1940 (American colonial regime) • US military and investors first used three-wheel tractors in abaca (banana fiber crop) plantations in Mindanao to produce cordage for maritime usage and for export; • US mechanization technologies transferred to Philippines such as the tractor-powered stationary rice thresher - the "McCormick" thresher or "trilladora". 1941-1945 (Japanese occupation, World War II • Japan introduces household gadgets such as lamps, cooking appliances • No technology transfer on agricultural mechanization as Japan also uses draft animals in farm operations. 1950-1970 • President Elpidio. Quirino (1948-1953) pursues industrialization making Philippine economy second only to Japan in Asia by early 1960s; unfortunately, this pursuit was not sustained by the succeeding administrations; • Large grain silos for storage of paddy and corn are installed in Northern and Central Luzon but turned out to be "white elephants" and later dismantled; • Human and animal farm power sources are predominant; agricultural mechanization and labor productivity levels are low; • Small landholdings of up to 3 ha constitute 62.3 % of total farms in 1960; • Four-wheel tractor sales are driven by credit programs and high sugar prices; • IRRI is established in 1960 at the University of the Philippines College of Agriculture campus, now UP Los Baños (UPLB); the green revolution starts; IRRI develops IR8 or "miracle rice" in 1966; • Hand tractors from Japan are introduced in early 1960s; Land-master tractor from UK fits as workhorse for multiple cropping project by IRRI; • President Ferdinand Marcos (1965- 1986) builds infrastructures such as roads, ports, dams for irrigation and power generation as foundation for industrialization originally envisioned by President Quirino to support agriculture. 1971-1980 • Agricultural Mechanization in Southeast Asia (now AMA) launches its maiden issue -Spring 1971; • IRRI Agricultural Engineering Department undertakes the Small Farm Machinery Development Program under USAID grant; the axial-flow thresher makes obsolete the traditional pedal drum and manual threshing methods; • President Marcos declares martial law; Masagana-99 rice program enables export of rice; GO 47 strategy for corporate rice produc- tion fails; the barangay as basic political unit is organized; • Institution-building and strengthening start: AMTEC in 1977; PhilRice in 1985; Philippines hosts the Regional Network for Agricultural Machinery (RNAM) at UPLB with the Agricultural Mechanization Development Program (AMDP) as country counterpart, which advocates agricultural mechanization policy; • First fuel crisis occurs in 1973 and a second one in 1979. 1981-1990 • IRRI-AED releases more designs of small farm machines and devices; • UPLB-based RNAM actively conducts regional activities on agricultural machinery and mechanization; • SV Agro-industries in Iloilo develops floating power tiller; IRRI-AED modifies it into hydrotiller; both designs are adopted by farmers; • Delta Motor Corporation with technology backstopping of Toyota Motor Corporation of Japan landmark manufactures 1,000 units of 10-hp diesel engine, the first in Southeast Asia; • People's Power Revolution in 1986 causes political turmoil and economic downturn; cuts short the Marcos strategy of infrastructure development to support industrialization which in turn was aimed at supporting agriculture. 1991-2000 • IRRI-AED releases design of the rice stripper-gatherer SG800 based on stripper rotor technology developed by the UK Silsoe Research Institute; • IRRI phases out design and development of rice production machinery and focuses instead on postharvest technologies starting in late 1990s; • PhilRice-Rice Engineering and Mechanization Division (REMD) and the Bureau of Postharvest Research and Development (BPRE) sustain research, development and extension (RDE) activities of rice production and postharvest machinery; • Functions of the Department of Agriculture and other government agencies are devolved to local government units (LGUs) 2001-2016 • The Agriculture and Fisheries Mechanization (AFMech) Law is passed in 2013; this landmark legislation now firms up the policy of modernizing Philippine agriculture through agricultural mechanization; • The Philippines starts deliberate shifting from labor-intensive and low labor-productive farm operation methods to mechanized farming; • PHilMech implements the Department of Agriculture's Rice Mechanization and Postharvest Program (RMPP) for 2011-2016; promotes production and postharvest machinery among Farmers' Associations on favourable procurement terms; • The Philippines imports some 200,000 single-cylinder gasoline and diesel engines in 2013 alone (AMMDA, 2014) mostly from US, China, Thailand, Indonesia and Vietnam; • A new National Agro-fishery Mechanization Program (NAF-MP) is being formulated by the Bureau of Agricultural and Fisheries Mechanization Engineering (BAFE); • Level of mechanization is still low with work animals still the predominant power source for small landholdings, which have presently increased in number, further reduced in size and been widely scattered because of partitioning among heirs, inter-regional marriages, land reform and sale/conversion for non-agricultural uses. • Small landholdings of up to 3 ha constitute 88.4% of total farms in 2012 • Power tillers are gradually replacing the carabao through increasing availability of custom hire services, but not as rapidly as desired because of high prices of imported engines • Imported four-wheel tractors, rice transplanters and combines start getting popular • Foreign exchange remittances by overseas Filipino workers and professionals slowing down due to Middle East crisis, low fossil fuel prices and economic growth rate slowdown - may affect importation of agricultural power and machinery • Killer typhoon Haiyan or Yolanda devastates Leyte, Samar and other Northern Visayan provinces killing some 10,000 people (unofficial estimate) in 2013 Beyond 2016 The following are some issues to consider in the formulation of agricultural mechanization policies and strategies: • Deliberate pursuit of national industrialization to support agriculture; • National Agro-fisheries Mechanization Program (NAFMP) to continue distributing power and machinery which are "Made not in the Philippines?" • Local manufacture of engines; development of renewable and environment friendly farming technologies; • RDE on technologies for land levelling and precision agriculture, automation and robotics but not to neglect the classic designs for transition from traditional to high-tech agricultural mechanization; • Overhaul of polices and laws for farmland inheritance, land forming and terracing for soil and water conservation as well as for agricultural mechanization; • Building of infrastructures for irrigation and drainage, transport (roads, railways, cableways and ports) for efficient agricultural mechanization; and • Other issues that may crop up.
Reynaldo M. Lantin informs about some industrialization and tourism as strategies adopted in Philippines for promoting agricultural and fisheries mechanization. The Philippine government has treated agricultural mechanization with an intense attitude and has let mechanization proceed under its own course to be influenced only by market forces. It has supported institutions and programs, such as the Agricultural Mechanization Development Program (AMDP), the Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC), and the Philippine Center for Postharvest Development and Mechanization (PhilMech), to achieve these objectives. The government has also supported machinery design and mechanization research projects in agricultural state colleges and universities along with inventions and creative science projects related to agriculture and fisheries.
Manual transplanting of rice seedlings in puddled soils is still the most common method of planting rice in the Philippines. However, it is drudgery to farmers and remains to be one of the most labor-intensive operations in rice production. This often results in labor shortages during the planting season. However, transplanted method can increase crop efficiency in using farm inputs. This method requires less seeding rates, reduces the need for costly weeding, facilities removal of off-type plants, and speeds up application of fertilizers and other field operations. In the late 1970s, the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) began developing a manual transplanter based on the Chinese 5 - row machine. A modified 6 - row manual transplanter was designed and promoted to the Filipino farmers in 1982 through the MAF - IRRI Industrial Extension Program. The machine was subsequently promoted to other countries of Asia through IRRI and the Regional Network for Agricultural Machinery (RNAM). However, the machine was not adopted primarily owing to socio-economic reasons. The advent of organized farmer groups in the countryside in the 1990s and the support given by the government for agricultural modernization to reduce production costs and make the Filipino farmer competitive with neighboring countries has created a more conducive environment for mechanization, including transplanting operation. This paper reviews the experiences on mechanical transplanters in the Philippines and highlights the need for further research in this area.
