Suchergebnisse

Traditional (informal) milk market accounts for 97 percent of fresh milk supply I Assam and attempts to establish dairy cooperatives have had limited success. In areas with relatively poor market access, these informal markets represent the only market opportunity for dairy farmers. However, widespread concerns about milk safety and quality have led to decision makers and government support services to ignore or penalize the traditional milk sector. A series of studies among milk value chain actors was conducted to better understand the milk sector in Assam, assess the risk to human health posed by the traditional milk sector, and develop an action plan for improving the performance of the traditional milk sector. Key findings of the studies are: (1) most milk samples do not meet microbiological standards; (2) adulteration of milk is widespread but does not appear to represent a risk to human health; (3) milk handling practices are very poor and is associated with low levels of food safety; and (4) only a minority of milk is pasteurized, and while this does reduce the level of bacterial count, it does not guarantee absence of adulteration or compliance with standards. The risk assessment of the dairy supply chain suggests the following key results: (1) the majority of milk sampled in urban Assam did not meet local standards and may present a risk to public health and (2) formal milk outlets are no better than informal milk outlets in terms of the level of compliance with milk quality standards. Opportunities to potentially improve food safety in traditional milk markets are thus possible and the most promising intervention is some form of certification scheme involving training of informal milk vendors in milk handling.

Livestock sector in general and pig production in particular are important in Vietnam not only for supplying food for its growing population but also for their significant contributions to the country's economy. Smallholder pig producers which are common, are estimated to supply at least 80% of pork in total pork production in the country. The paper airms to draw a picture of pig production performance of small farmers based on the survey data of ILRI-VNUA and value chain approach. It is believed that pig smallholders in Vietnam perform a weak market orientation, and they do not have full information about market. Therefore, some implications should be as small pig farmers need facilitation from the government and training & improving veterinary network are needed; Government management on input and output markets should be strengthened effectively; The private sector should participate actively in the chains; and Awareness of food safety of people should be improved.

Most emerging diseases of humans originate in animals, and zoonotic emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) threaten human, animal, and environment health. We report on a scoping study to assess actors, linkages, priorities, and needs related to management of these diseases from the perspective of key stakeholders in three countries in Southeast Asia. A comprehensive interview guide was developed and in-depth interviews completed with 21 key stakeholders in Vietnam, Lao People's Democratic Republic, and Cambodia. We found numerous relevant actors with a predominance of public sector and medical disciplines. More capacity weaknesses than strengths were reported, with risk analysis and research skills most lacking. Social network analysis of information flows showed policy-makers were regarded as mainly information recipients, research institutes as more information providers, and universities as both. Veterinary and livestock disciplines emerged as an important "boundary-spanning" organization with linkages to both human health and rural development. Avian influenza was regarded as the most important zoonotic EID, perhaps reflecting the priority-setting influence of actors outside the region. Stakeholders reported a high awareness of the ecological and socioeconomic drivers of disease emergence and a demand for disease prioritization, epidemiological skills, and economic and qualitative studies. Evaluated from an ecohealth perspective, human health is weakly integrated with socioeconomics, linkages to policy are stronger than to communities, participation occurs mainly at lower levels, and equity considerations are not fully considered. However, stakeholders have awareness of ecological and social determinants of health, and a basis exists on which transdisciplinarity, equity, and participation can be strengthened.

To understand the overall of current veterinary hygiene situation concerning microbiological contamination of food, we have conducted a survey, interview, collecting and analyzing samples derived from poultry (alive and carcasses), slaughter environment of 36 small slaughter houses in the rural area of Hanoi. Almost all small slaughter houses (98% indoor and 100% at the bazaars/day-market) in the lowest veterinary ranking according to the government criteria. The rate of Salmonella contamination was 29.2% for the cloacal swab, 40.6% for carcasses, 2.9% for rinse water, 80.6% for waste water, 30.6% for slaughter floor and 63.9% for tools. Among the isolates from the most noticeable contamination carcasses, it was important to note that there were present of 2 serotype (S.enteritidis and S.typhimurium) that belong to the high risk group of food poisoning, originated from poultry during slaughtering processes. The Salmonella isolates had the antimicrobial resistance properties to most common antimicrobials, readily spreading along with the poultry meat chain. Water source and waste were both the highest risk factors leading to the Salmonella contamination for carcasses. There were two main recommendations to improve the hygiene condition at the time being, which were (i) to make awareness of high risk of bacterial contamination to the owners and butchers, (ii) improve the quality of water source as well as the waste treatment.

Food borne diseases (FBD) are an increasing global public health concern with estimated 1 in 10 people falling ill every year from eating contaminated food causing 420,000 deaths. Diarrheal diseases accounted for more than half of the global burden with children at especial risk (WHO 2015). Evidence on FBD in low and middle income countries, including Vietnam, is still limited but the risk is considered to be higher than in high income countries due to poor hygiene, inadequate food production and storage, risky consumption habits, and weak legislation and enforcement. For Vietnam, pork is an important component of the diet and accounts for more than 70% of meat consumed: most (84%) is supplied by small and medium scale farmers. Recent ILRI studies have demonstrated strong preferences of Vietnamese consumers for fresh, un-chilled pork sold at conventional wet markets but also increasing concerns over food safety have been expressed by urban consumers. Existing food safety studies along the pig sector have focused on assessment of hazards (mainly Salmonella) at a specific actor of the pork chain while farm to fork approaches or studies measuring the impact of hazards to human are limited. Since 2012 ILRI has implemented specific studies assessing food safety issues including zoonoses along pig value chains in selected regions of Vietnam. This included risk assessments of food safety hazards in pork such as Salmonella along a more peri-urban value chain with mainly exotic pigs or their crosses (Hung Yen province). In addition, we assessed the presence of two major zoonoses (trichinellosis and cysticercosis) in a rural indigenous pig value chain in the Central Highlands of Vietnam. Results for Hung Yen show a high presence of biological hazards (e.g. 43% pork cuts at market are Salmonella contaminated). Key challenges include poor slaughter and meat handling hygiene (eg. floor slaughter) aligned with low awareness on related health risks among interviewed actors. Another challenge is to identify feasible incentives to motivate change of behavior and practice of actors. For the native pig system (Central Highlands) sporadic infections with trichinellosis and cysticercosis were found. Key challenges include here predominant risky farm management practices (free roaming of pigs) but also very low awareness and knowledge on zoonoses of native pig producers who are often members of poor ethnic minorities. ; Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research