Suchergebnisse

A multitemporal analysis to determine the land cover change was conduced in the pre-Andean range of Maule region of Chile. We used satellite imagery from the year 1989 and 2003 to analyze the likely causes of native forest change. In this period, there was a reduction in native forest area of 44% in the study area, which is equivalent to an annual forest loss rate of 4.1%. The native forest area is replaced by shrublands (29%) and exotic forest plantations (27%). A great proportion of current exotic forest plantations are established on lands that were native forest in 1989 (63%). Most forest loss was associated with intermediate elevation and less distance to road network, where native forest area dominated. Native forest replacing by shrublands was associated to selective forest logging and firewood, which leads to degradation of these forests. Native forest replacing by exotic forest plantations was the result of the forestation incentive and an increase in the demand for forest products such as wood and pulp. Because of multiple impacts of the forest loss, we propose to focus the government incentives. Priority areas for incentives must be characterized by high forest loss rate and poverty, presence of threatened species and low availability of water from catchments. Moreover, we propose to prioritize the connectivity of the current network protected areas and to develop an effective forest management monitoring system using advanced technologies. ; Se realizó un análisis multitemporal para determinar los cambios en la cobertura del suelo en una zona de la precordillera andina de la Región del Maule, Chile. Para ello se utilizaron imágenes satelitales de los años 1989 y 2003, y se analizaron las causas probables de la deforestación del bosque nativo presente en estos ecosistemas. El bosque nativo se redujo en un 44%, lo cual se traduce en una tasa de deforestación de 4,1% anual. La superficie de bosque nativo fue reemplazada preferentemente por coberturas de matorral (29%) y plantaciones de especies exóticas (27%). Una gran proporción de las actuales plantaciones exóticas está establecida sobre terrenos que anteriormente correspondían a bosque nativo (63%). La mayor pérdida de bosque nativo se concentra en niveles de elevación intermedia, donde se encuentra la mayor superficie de bosque nativo, asociándose también a una menor distancia de la red de caminos. El reemplazo del bosque nativo por matorrales se asocia principalmente a prácticas de floreo y extracción de leña, lo cual produce la degradación del bosque. La sustitución de bosque nativo por especies exóticas se explica por el incentivo a la forestación y por la creciente demanda de productos derivados de la madera y pulpa. Debido a los múltiples impactos que produce la deforestación se propone focalizar los incentivos estatales en áreas con altos niveles de deforestación y pobreza, presencia de especies amenazadas y menor disponibilidad de agua desde las cuencas. Adicionalmente, se propone priorizar la conectividad de las actuales áreas protegidas y el desarrollo de un sistema de fiscalización eficaz para el manejo de los bosques, el cual considere un monitoreo permanente con uso de tecnologías avanzadas.

The purpose of this scientific meeting was to analyse the state of the art and identify the main achievements, challenges and recommendations with respect to the services that the different ecosystems provide to the human welfare in the Neotropics. In this paper, we present the main conclusions indicated by a panel formed by researchers and students. One of the principal achievements was that the transdisciplinary approach enabled a better understanding of the ecosystem services, which led to obtain a common concept among the countries represented in the congress. The launch of the Latin American Network of Ecosystem Services during the event, confirmed this achievement. For the future, the panel identified the challenge of moving from the dialogue to the action regarding the maintenance and restoration of the ecosystem services in Latin America and The Caribbean. The panel also recommended to increase the knowledge, interest and involvement of the society (citizenship, government, industrial sector, NGOs) in the topic of the ecosystem services. ; El objetivo de esta reunión científica fue el análisis del estado del arte y la identificación de los logros, desafíos y recomendaciones para el futuro respecto a los servicios que los diversos ecosistemas proveen para el bienestar humano en los Neotrópicos. En el presente trabajo se presentan las principales conclusiones señaladas por un panel compuesto por conferencistas, investigadores y estudiantes. Uno de los principales logros fue que el enfoque transdisciplinario de los trabajos expuestos permitió una mejor comprensión de los servicios ecosistémicos, convergiéndose hacia un concepto y enfoque comunes entre los diferentes países representados en el congreso. El lanzamiento durante el evento de la Red Latinoamericana de Estudios de los Servicios Ecosistémicos, confirmó este avance. Para el trabajo futuro, se identificó el desafío de pasar desde el diálogo a la acción en relación a la mantención y restauración de los servicios ecosistémicos en Latinoamérica y el Caribe. Se recomendó aumentar el conocimiento, interés e involucramiento de la sociedad (ciudadanía, gobierno, sector productivo, ONGs) en el tema de los servicios ecosistémicos.

Discusses the contributions of secret ritualistic societies to the social construction of mining communities & to 19th-century life in the US in general. The scarce research on such societies has generally overlooked their effect on associational life & volunteerism, including those in the mining community. The influence that Freemasonry had on much US organizational life is assessed. The study of Masonic institutions may well be important to understanding US mining culture. 17 References. Adapted from the source document.

Esta investigación, encargada por el Comité Español de Representantes de Personas con Discapacidad (CERMI) para el Observatorio Permanente de la Inmigración del Ministerio de Trabajo e Inmigración, constituye el primer estudio sobre la situación de las personas inmigrantes con discapacidad en España. El informe comienza con un análisis del marco legislativo correspondiente y una primera aproximación al colectivo en cifras. Según los autores, las personas inmigrantes con discapacidad ascienden a unas 225.000, lo que representa casi el 5% del total. Seguidamente, el estudio desarrolla un análisis en profundidad de la situación de los inmigrantes con discapacidad en España (niveles de integración, variables que influyen en dicha integración, necesidades específicas que presentan, dificultades en el acceso a los recursos de atención, situaciones de discriminación existentes). De este retrato, cabe destacar que, en su mayoría, se trata de personas en edad laboral y un bajo nivel de inserción sociolaboral. Después de ofrecer un estudio de casos de inmigrantes que han adquirido su discapacidad durante el trayecto migratorio y una selección de las principales experiencias de intervención desarrolladas hacia este colectivo, el documento termina con una serie de recomendaciones de actuación dirigidas a las Administración , las ONG y la población inmigrante.

Fitzroya cupressoides (Molina) I.M. Johnst. (Cupressaceae), a remarkable endemic conifer of temperate South America, is illustrated, together with a full description and details of its ecology, conservation and cultivation.

The hydrogenation of CO to methane was studied on Ni-sepiolite and Ni-todorokite catalysts. Catalytic testing and operando DRIFTS studies revealed the excellent performance of in particular todorokite-based catalysts. The catalytic activity is related to specific reaction pathways depending on the support material. Based on operando DRIFTS studies, different mechanisms are proposed for the methanation reaction. Over Ni-sepiolite catalysts, a dissociative adsorption of CO is observed. Linearly and bridged bonded CO on Ni was identified as intermediate. On Ni-todorokite this dissociative mechanism is accompanied by an associative one. Here, carbonate species were identified as additional intermediates, the formation of which is facilitated by the MnO support. The ability of Ni-todorokite catalysts to activate CO via a dissociative as well as an associative mechanism explains their excellent catalytic performance. The influence of the applied preparation method on the catalytic performance was demonstrated for the Ni-sepiolite catalysts. ; Financial support by the Spanish Government-MINECO (Project ENE2014-57651-R) is gratefully acknowledged. C. Cerdá-Moreno thanks the Spanish Government-MINECO for the predoctoral fellowship from "Severo Ochoa Program" (SVP-2014-068713). The authors thank H. Lund (LIKAT) for performing the XRD measurements and J. Rabeah (LIKAT) for the EPR measurement of sepiolite. The Electron Microscopy Service of the Universitat Politècnica de València is acknowledged for their help in sample characterization.

Cobalt catalysts supported on Y zeolite and mesoporized Y zeolite (Y-mod) have been studied in steam reforming of ethanol (SRE). Specifically, the eect of the mesoporosity and the acidity of the y zeolite as a support has been explored. Mesoporous were generated on Y zeolite by treatment with NH4F and the acidity was neutralized by Na incorporation. Four cobalt catalysts supported on Y zeolite have been prepared, two using Y zeolite without mesoporous (Co/Y, Co/Y-Na), and two using Y zeolite with mesoporous (Co/Y-mod and Co/Y-mod-Na). All catalysts showed a high activity, with ethanol conversion values close to 100%. The main dierences were found in the distribution of the reaction products. Co/Y and Co/Y-mod catalysts showed high selectivity to ethylene and low hydrogen production, which was explained by their high acidity. On the contrary, neutralization of the acid sites could explain the higher hydrogen selectivity and the lower ethylene yields exhibited by the Co/Y-Na and Co/Y-mod-Na. In addition, the physicochemical characterization of these catalysts by XRD, BET surface area, temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), and TEM allowed to connect the presence of mesoporous with the formation of metallic cobalt particles with small size, high dispersion, and with high interaction with the zeolitic support, explaining the high reforming activity exhibited by the co/y-mod-Na sample as well as its higher hydrogen selectivity. It has been also observed that the formation of coke is aected by the presence of mesoporous and acidity. Both properties seem to have an opposite eect on the reforming catalyst, decreasing and increasing the coke deposition, respectively. ; "This research was funded by Generalitat Valenciana, grant number PROMETEO/2018/006", Spanish Government (Project RTI2018-102161-I00) and RED DE EXCELENCIA EN BIORREFINERIAS SOSTENIBLES (RED2018-102623-T).

Abstract. This paper describes the benefits of using more reliable local climate scenarios to analyse hydrological responses. It assumes that Regional Climate Model (RCM) simulations are more reliable when they provide
better approximations to the historical basic and drought statistics after
applying a bias correction to them. We have investigated whether the best
solutions in terms of their approximation to the local meteorology may also
provide the best hydrological assessments. We have carried out a
classification of the corrected RCM simulations used for both approximations. This has been applied in the Cenajo basin (south-eastern
Spain), where we show that the best approximations of the historical
meteorological statistics also provide the best approximations for the
hydrological statistics. The selected RCMs were used to generate future (2071–2100) local scenarios under the RCP8.5 emission scenario. The two selected RCMs predict significant changes in mean precipitation (−31.6 % and −44.0 %) and mean temperature (+26.0 % and +32.2 %). They also predict higher frequency (from 5 events in the historical period to 20 and 22 in the future), length (4.8 to 7.4 and 10.5 months), magnitude (2.53 to 6.56 and 9.62 SPI) and intensity (0.48 to 1.00 and 0.94 SPI) of extreme meteorological droughts. These two RCMs also predict higher changes in mean streamflow (−43.5 % and −57.2 %) and hydrological droughts. The two RCMs also predict worrying changes in streamflow (−43.5 % and −57.2 %) and hydrologically extreme droughts: frequency (from 3 to 11 for the first model and 8 events for the second model), length (8.3 to 15.4 and 29.6 months), magnitude (from 3.98 to 11.84 and 31.72 SSI), and intensity (0.63 to 0.90 and 1.52 SSI).

1 13 79 5 ; S ; [EN] Climate change affects rainfall and temperature producing a breakdown in the water balance and a variation in the dynamic of freshwater-seawater in coastal areas, exacerbating seawater intrusion (SWI) problems. The target of this paper is to propose a method to assess and analyze impacts of future global change (GC) scenarios on SWI at the aquifer scale in a coastal area. Some adaptation measures have been integrated in the definition of future GC scenarios incorporating complementary resources within the system in accordance with urban development planning. The proposed methodology summarizes the impacts of potential GC scenarios in terms of SWI status and vulnerability at the aquifer scale through steady pictures (maps and conceptual 2D cross sections for specific dates or statistics of a period) and time series for lumped indices. It is applied to the Plana de Oropesa-Torreblanca aquifer. The results summarize the influence of GC scenarios in the global status and vulnerability to SWI under some management scenarios. These GC scenarios would produce higher variability of SWI status and vulnerability. This work has been partially supported by the GeoE.171.008-TACTIC and GeoE.171.008-HOVER projects from GeoERA organization funded by European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program; Plan de Garantia Juvenil from MINECO (Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad), co-inancing by BEI (Banco Europeo de Inversiones) and FSE (Fondo Social Europeo); and SIGLO-AN (RTI2018-101397-B-I00) project from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (Programa Estatal de I+D+I orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad). The authors also thank AEMET and UC for the data provided for this work (Spain02 dataset, https://www.meteo.unican.es/datasets/spain02). Baena-Ruiz, L.; Pulido-Velázquez, D.; Collados-Lara, A.; Renau-Pruñonosa, A.; Morell, I.; Senent-Aparicio, J.; Llopis-Albert, C. (2020). Summarizing the impacts of future potential global change scenarios on seawater intrusion at the ...

[EN] Climate change affects rainfall and temperature producing a breakdown in the water balance and a variation in the dynamic of freshwater-seawater in coastal areas, exacerbating seawater intrusion (SWI) problems. The target of this paper is to propose a method to assess and analyze impacts of future global change (GC) scenarios on SWI at the aquifer scale in a coastal area. Some adaptation measures have been integrated in the definition of future GC scenarios incorporating complementary resources within the system in accordance with urban development planning. The proposed methodology summarizes the impacts of potential GC scenarios in terms of SWI status and vulnerability at the aquifer scale through steady pictures (maps and conceptual 2D cross sections for specific dates or statistics of a period) and time series for lumped indices. It is applied to the Plana de Oropesa-Torreblanca aquifer. The results summarize the influence of GC scenarios in the global status and vulnerability to SWI under some management scenarios. These GC scenarios would produce higher variability of SWI status and vulnerability. ; This work has been partially supported by the GeoE.171.008-TACTIC and GeoE.171.008-HOVER projects from GeoERA organization funded by European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program; Plan de Garantia Juvenil from MINECO (Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad), co-inancing by BEI (Banco Europeo de Inversiones) and FSE (Fondo Social Europeo); and SIGLO-AN (RTI2018-101397-B-I00) project from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (Programa Estatal de I+D+I orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad). The authors also thank AEMET and UC for the data provided for this work (Spain02 dataset, https://www.meteo.unican.es/datasets/spain02). ; Baena-Ruiz, L.; Pulido-Velázquez, D.; Collados-Lara, A.; Renau-Pruñonosa, A.; Morell, I.; Senent-Aparicio, J.; Llopis-Albert, C. (2020). Summarizing the impacts of future potential global change scenarios on seawater intrusion at the aquifer ...