This research addresses the particularities of the control of the legality of banking regulation within the framework of the current financial supervision system, from a Spanish and European Administrative Law perspective. It undertakes a particular analysis of the situations derived from the reform implemented in the last decade in the European Union to establish a single system of banking regulation in the eurozone, and considers not only the supervisor's control functions, but also the power of bank resolution. ; El presente trabajo de investigación aborda las particularidades del control de la legalidad de las decisiones de la regulación bancaria, en el marco del actual sistema de supervisión financiera, desde una perspectiva del derecho administrativo español y europeo. En particular, se analizan las situaciones derivadas de la reforma implementada en la última década en la Unión Europea para establecer un sistema único de regulación bancaria en la eurozona, tanto en el ejercicio de las funciones de control de los supervisores, como en el ejercicio de la potestad de resolución bancaria.
Purpose: This article aims to determine if the restrictions on freedom of movement and residence in the European Union due to COVID-19 respect the core of this Human Right which is also one of the essential principles of the original European Communities. Methods: With this purpose we have analysed the measures adopted in different countries along Europe in relation with the pandemic expansion's data. We analyse more deeply the regulations enacted in Spain and the European Union regulations in relation with the restrictions on mobility. The Spanish restrictions on freedom of movement have been selected for a particular treatment due to the fact that these limitations are considered the toughest in the entire Schengen area, and internally in Spain there is a broad discussion on the legitimacy of the limitations imposed on these fundamental rights through the regulation of the management of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: The results obtained lead us to know much better about the extent of the freedom of movement and residence in the European Union in crisis times, and the possibility of the reduction of its scope, depending on the circumstances. Discussion: To achieve a better view of the main issue we discuss the legitimacy of the restrictions enacted as a response to the COVID-19 crisis to contain the pandemic expansion pondering the need and effectiveness of the restrictive measures.
La creación de la unión bancaria integra Instituciones y autoridades supervisoras europeas y reguladores de los Estados miembros en el Mecanismo Único de Supervisión (en adelante, MUS), en el que se comparten competencias y se efectúan tareas de supervisión mediante procedimientos comunes en que participan todos ellos hasta dónde alcanzan sus competencias, pero que no ha sido precedido de la homogeneización de los regímenes jurídicos de tales autoridades.La independencia de los reguladores es una de las condiciones necesarias para que se pueda desarrollar esta actividad en óptimas condiciones, y así se declara en eldocumento del Comité de Supervisión Bancaria de Basilea "Principios básicos para una supervisión bancaria eficaz". También el Reglamento (UE) nº 1024/2013 del Consejo de 15 de octubre de 2013, que encomienda al Banco Central Europeo (en adelante, BCE) tareas específicas respecto de políticas relacionadas con la supervisión prudencial de las entidades de crédito, determina que el BCE debe ejercer las funciones de supervisión que se le atribuyen con total independencia, sin influencias políticas indebidas ni interferencias de sectores interesados que puedan afectar a su independencia funcional.A pesar de todo, los estatutos orgánicos de cada uno de los reguladores nacionales que participan en el sistema europeo de supervisión, se encuentran regulados por el Derecho de cada uno de los Estados miembros, motivo por el que debe hacerse una reflexión sobre la conveniencia de estandarizar la independencia de los reguladores de todo el sistema. Este trabajo pretende hacer una aproximación a tal estandarización, analizando la independencia del regulador bancario español en relación con la del BCE, para determinar las condiciones mínimas necesarias que permitan lograr la independencia operativa de todos los reguladores del Mecanismo Único de Supervisión ; Banking union integrates European supervisory Institutions and authorities, and regulators of the Member States into the Single Supervisory Mechanism (hereinafter, SSM), whose powers are shared between all of them. These authorities share too their supervisory tasks that are carried out through common procedures in which regulatorsparticipate to the extent of their competencies, but which has not been preceded by the homogenization of the legal regimes of such authorities.Supervisors' independence is one of the essential conditions for banking regulation activity to be developed under optimal conditions, and so is stated in the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision document "Core principles for effective banking supervision". Regulation (EU) num. 1024/2013 of the European Council of October 15th, 2013, which entrusts the European Central Bank (hereinafter, ECB) with specific tasks regarding prudential supervision of credit institutions policies, determines that the ECB must exercise supervisory functions with total independence, that means without undue political influence or interference from interested sectors that wouldaffect its functional independence. In spite of all, the statutes of each one of the national regulators which take partin the European supervision system are regulated by the Member States' national law, and because of that we must reflect on the convenience of standardizing the independence requirements of all regulators. This paper intends to make an approximation to such standardization, analysing the independence of the Spanish banking authority in relation with the ECB one, so we are able to determine the minimum conditions necessary to achieve the operational independence of all the regulators of the Single Supervisory Mechanism.
Objectives: This paper aims to analyze the importance of the urbanism planning and its relation with the effectiveness of the recently approved Spanish Housing Plan 2018-2021 of measures to favor access to dignified housing as a welfare state policy. Material and methods: With this purpose the paper shows that the origin of the access to social housing depends on the urbanism activity using the method of the study of the enacted law with a comparative perspective, analizing regulations currently in force and the previous ones. Results: The main result of this research underlines that legislator must take in account this relation when approving urbanism regulations with the finallity of improving efectiveness of Housing State Planning. Conclusions: The central discussion and recommendation is focused on improving urbanism regulations in order to ease the real access to dignified housing as a goal to lead to more effectiveness in the Housing Planning application.
La presente tesis contiene un análisis de las particularidades de la responsabilidad patrimonial de los reguladores financieros, especialmente de los bancarios, que derivan de la configuración de sus potestades de control de esta actividad pública de supervisión. Con esta finalidad se hace referencia a la nueva configuración de las funciones de los reguladores, tras la reforma estructural de la actividad implementada como consecuencia de la crisis financiera de 2007-2008 en España y en la Unión Europea, y a las relaciones entre ellos. Finalmente, se identifican las dificultades para la derivación de responsabilidad extracontractual de los reguladores reguladores como consecuencia de esta actividad de supervisión, y se hacen algunas propuestas de mejora normativa. ; This thesis contains an analysis of the peculiarities of the financial regulators liability, especially banking regulators, which come from the configuration of theirs public activity powers. With this purpose, it contains a study of the new configuration of the regulators functions after the structural reform of the activity implemented as a consequence of the financial crisis (2007-2008) in Spain and in the European Union, and it refers to the relations between the financial supervisors. Finally, we identify the dificulties to apply liability to regulators as a consequence of the supervisory activity, and we make some proposals for regulatory improvement in this scope. ; Programa de Doctorat en Dret
La presente tesis contiene un análisis de las particularidades de la responsabilidad patrimonial de los reguladores financieros, especialmente de los bancarios, que derivan de la configuración de sus potestades de control de esta actividad pública de supervisión. Con esta finalidad se hace referencia a la nueva configuración de las funciones de los reguladores, tras la reforma estructural de la actividad implementada como consecuencia de la crisis financiera de 2007-2008 en España y en la Unión Europea, y a las relaciones entre ellos. Finalmente, se identifican las dificultades para la derivación de responsabilidad extracontractual de los reguladores reguladores como consecuencia de esta actividad de supervisión, y se hacen algunas propuestas de mejora normativa. ; This thesis contains an analysis of the peculiarities of the financial regulators liability, especially banking regulators, which come from the configuration of theirs public activity powers. With this purpose, it contains a study of the new configuration of the regulators functions after the structural reform of the activity implemented as a consequence of the financial crisis (2007-2008) in Spain and in the European Union, and it refers to the relations between the financial supervisors. Finally, we identify the dificulties to apply liability to regulators as a consequence of the supervisory activity, and we make some proposals for regulatory improvement in this scope.
Open innovation (OI) involves the deliberate use of external and internal knowledge flows by organisations in order to accelerate their innovations and expand the markets for the external use of innovations. Despite the relevance of OI for firms' competitiveness, firms' abilities to leverage and combine internal and external knowledge flows cannot be taken for granted. In this context, innovation policies can play a crucial role in stimulating firms' OI strategies. The objective of this research is to examine the degree to which existing public innovation policies promote open innovation by companies. In doing so, we review the set of innovation policy instruments developed by governments within the Spanish national and regional innovation systems and examine the extent to which they support open innovation by companies, either by facilitating firms' open innovation practices or by acting on the external factors that influence them. Our results show that innovation policies in Spanish national and regional settings partially promote firms' open innovation, since governments base their actions on the interaction between science, industry and government, sometimes with intermediaries that promote it. We propose the development of instruments to encourage firms to implement open innovation practices in such a way that they complement the existing ones and can fully achieve the benefits associated with open innovation.
