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www.cliohres.net ; This contribution considers the construction of a Scandinavian identity during the mid-19th century within the academic milieu of Christiania (Oslo), Copenhagen, Lund and Uppsala, in a context where National Romanticist ideas spread throughout Europe. Cultural Scandinavism, as an identity-building desire, meant firstly the promotion of a 'Nordic spirit' in the academic field, in order to break from foreign secular influences. However, it eventually fostered an organized, although small, movement of political resistance among students and intellectuals, focusing on the necessity of defending the Scandinavian southern frontier against the threat of German nationalism. Scandinavian academics did so mainly by recourse to the rhetoric of the natural and historical frontiers of Scandinavia. From a theoretical point of view, the author tests the usefulness of resistance as a concept underlining articulations between psychological patterns of resistance, language rhetoric and collective strategy, in the context where a transnational identity could be seen as an effective response to an unstable geopolitical order. ; Cette étude considère le problème de la construction d'une identité scandinave dans les universités de Christiania (Oslo), Copenhague, Lund et Uppsala au cours des années 1830-1860, apogée du siècle romantique en Europe. En tant que désir identitaire, le scandinavisme se résumait essentiellement au culte du 'génie nordique' dans ces cercles académiques, afin de rompre avec des influences étrangères séculaires, notamment françaises. Toutefois, sous la pression des révolutions nationales de 1848, ce mouvement culturel se constitua en un courant de résistance politique parmi les intellectuels scandinaves. Bien que modeste, le mouvement s'appuya sur le sentiment diffus d'une identité partagée, et organisa sa politisation sur la nécessité de redéfinir et défendre la frontière méridionale danoise contre les revendications régionalistes ou nationalistes des Allemands. Les Scandinavistes opérèrent de la sorte en ayant recours à la rhétorique des "frontières naturelles et historiques" de la Scandinavie. D'un point de vue théorique, l'auteur souligne en particulier l'utilité du concept de résistance, qui permet d'articuler motifs psychologiques, rhétoriques de langage et stratégies de mobilisation collective, dans un contexte où une identité politique transnationale fut souvent perçue par les élites intellectuelles comme une réponse appropriée à un défi géopolitique majeur.

14 p. ; At the beginning of the late-modern era, the Scandinavian universities in Copenhagen (Denmark), Uppsala and Lund (Sweden) generally remained traditional universities and were not deeply affected by the political changes from the beginning of the 19th century. The only major exception was the foundation of a Norwegian university in Christiania (Det Kongelige Frederiks Universitet) in 1811: since the 1790s, the local elite strongly committed itself into the foundation of a Norwegian academic institution, under cover of the Enlightenment ideals. The discussions (known as "the university turmoil") intended to convince the absolutist authorities about the possibility of a university. This debate has to be understand in a context of a more general critic of traditional and scholastic institutions which then failed to promote natural sciences and utilitarian knowledge, and it outlined a new model of academic legitimacy promoting a duty for national enlightenment. However, the foundation of the Norwegian university mainly happened in a difficult material context, which compelled the new institution to be pragmatic: the most important plight was the education of bureaucratic elite which would be able to ensure the survival of a fragile newly-founded Norwegian State in 1814.

14 p. ; At the beginning of the late-modern era, the Scandinavian universities in Copenhagen (Denmark), Uppsala and Lund (Sweden) generally remained traditional universities and were not deeply affected by the political changes from the beginning of the 19th century. The only major exception was the foundation of a Norwegian university in Christiania (Det Kongelige Frederiks Universitet) in 1811: since the 1790s, the local elite strongly committed itself into the foundation of a Norwegian academic institution, under cover of the Enlightenment ideals. The discussions (known as "the university turmoil") intended to convince the absolutist authorities about the possibility of a university. This debate has to be understand in a context of a more general critic of traditional and scholastic institutions which then failed to promote natural sciences and utilitarian knowledge, and it outlined a new model of academic legitimacy promoting a duty for national enlightenment. However, the foundation of the Norwegian university mainly happened in a difficult material context, which compelled the new institution to be pragmatic: the most important plight was the education of bureaucratic elite which would be able to ensure the survival of a fragile newly-founded Norwegian State in 1814.

14 pages. Chapitre publié dans le 4ème volume transversal du réseau d'excellence Cliohres.net ; This contribution sets out to study the links between gender roles and the nation-building process within one particular social group: the academic elite, especially students, in 19th-century Norway. Founded in 1811, the University of Christiania (nowadays Oslo) was the nursery of the Norwegian social and political elite during most of that century: it played a central role in defining elite gender norms and was also a major stage for the nation-building process. In this perspective we can study certain aspects of student sociability to probe the complex relationship between these two dynamics. In order to show the interaction of these processes, the first part depicts the influence of the national paradigm on the forging of specific masculine student sociability in the 1820-1830s, a period known as the beginning of the national romantic age. A second part then analyses the situation in the 1880s-1890s and the advent of female students in the academic elite: this was another critical moment in building the nation. The appearance of a gender factor within the university was connected with the promotion of a new national project, based upon rejection of romanticism and creation of a more democratic political order. ; Fondée en 1811 et établie en 1813, l'Université de Christiania (Oslo) a été la première institution nationale d'une Norvège sur la voie de l'émancipation politique. Véritable pépinière de l'élite sociale et politique pendant la majeure partie du XIXe siècle, elle a donc joué un rôle central, tant en ce qui concerne le processus de construction nationale que dans la définition des normes régissant les rapportshommes/femmes au sein de cette élite. Ainsi, l'étude de certains aspects de la sociabilité étudiante permet d'interroger la relation complexe entre ces deux dynamiques identitaires. Sur la base d'une description succincte de la position privilégiée de l'élite académique entre 1813 et 1870, on étudiera ...

www.cliohres.net ; This contribution considers the construction of a Scandinavian identity during the mid-19th century within the academic milieu of Christiania (Oslo), Copenhagen, Lund and Uppsala, in a context where National Romanticist ideas spread throughout Europe. Cultural Scandinavism, as an identity-building desire, meant firstly the promotion of a 'Nordic spirit' in the academic field, in order to break from foreign secular influences. However, it eventually fostered an organized, although small, movement of political resistance among students and intellectuals, focusing on the necessity of defending the Scandinavian southern frontier against the threat of German nationalism. Scandinavian academics did so mainly by recourse to the rhetoric of the natural and historical frontiers of Scandinavia. From a theoretical point of view, the author tests the usefulness of resistance as a concept underlining articulations between psychological patterns of resistance, language rhetoric and collective strategy, in the context where a transnational identity could be seen as an effective response to an unstable geopolitical order. ; Cette étude considère le problème de la construction d'une identité scandinave dans les universités de Christiania (Oslo), Copenhague, Lund et Uppsala au cours des années 1830-1860, apogée du siècle romantique en Europe. En tant que désir identitaire, le scandinavisme se résumait essentiellement au culte du 'génie nordique' dans ces cercles académiques, afin de rompre avec des influences étrangères séculaires, notamment françaises. Toutefois, sous la pression des révolutions nationales de 1848, ce mouvement culturel se constitua en un courant de résistance politique parmi les intellectuels scandinaves. Bien que modeste, le mouvement s'appuya sur le sentiment diffus d'une identité partagée, et organisa sa politisation sur la nécessité de redéfinir et défendre la frontière méridionale danoise contre les revendications régionalistes ou nationalistes des Allemands. Les Scandinavistes opérèrent ...

14 pages. Chapitre publié dans le 4ème volume transversal du réseau d'excellence Cliohres.net ; This contribution sets out to study the links between gender roles and the nation-building process within one particular social group: the academic elite, especially students, in 19th-century Norway. Founded in 1811, the University of Christiania (nowadays Oslo) was the nursery of the Norwegian social and political elite during most of that century: it played a central role in defining elite gender norms and was also a major stage for the nation-building process. In this perspective we can study certain aspects of student sociability to probe the complex relationship between these two dynamics. In order to show the interaction of these processes, the first part depicts the influence of the national paradigm on the forging of specific masculine student sociability in the 1820-1830s, a period known as the beginning of the national romantic age. A second part then analyses the situation in the 1880s-1890s and the advent of female students in the academic elite: this was another critical moment in building the nation. The appearance of a gender factor within the university was connected with the promotion of a new national project, based upon rejection of romanticism and creation of a more democratic political order. ; Fondée en 1811 et établie en 1813, l'Université de Christiania (Oslo) a été la première institution nationale d'une Norvège sur la voie de l'émancipation politique. Véritable pépinière de l'élite sociale et politique pendant la majeure partie du XIXe siècle, elle a donc joué un rôle central, tant en ce qui concerne le processus de construction nationale que dans la définition des normes régissant les rapportshommes/femmes au sein de cette élite. Ainsi, l'étude de certains aspects de la sociabilité étudiante permet d'interroger la relation complexe entre ces deux dynamiques identitaires. Sur la base d'une description succincte de la position privilégiée de l'élite académique entre 1813 et 1870, on étudiera en particulier l'incidence du fait national dans la forge d'une sociabilité étudiante, ainsi que le tribut de la Société Norvégienne des étudiants dans les débats identitaires des années 1820-1830. En effet, la vie académique de l'ère romantique se caractérise par l'exclusion des femmes et par la construction, la stigmatisation ou la confrontation de modèles masculins divergents. Dans une seconde partie, on évoquera la situation singulière de ces jeunes étudiantes des années 1880, à la fois pionnières et marginales, souvent porte-drapeaux de la cause féministe, et qui se situent en rupture avec les représentations dominantes de rapports sociaux de sexe à la fin du 19ème siècle. À cet égard, leur intégration dans la sphère universitaire constitue inévitablement un autre moment critique de la construction nationale norvégienne par rapport à la période romantique.

20 pages. Article publié dans la revue historique de l'Université de Suceava (Universitatea Stefan cel Mare Suceava, Faultatea de Istorie și Geografie) ; International audience ; This study presents some aspects related to the literary life of the Norwegian capital, between 1770-1884. After a short history of the Christiania (i.e. Oslo) during the above mentioned period, the author foray into the history of the Norwegian press from the 19th century (1814-1876) and analyses the public space from this town. ; Cet étude présente certains aspects de la vie littéraire dans la capitale norvégienne au XIXe siècle, et notamment les conditions d'émergence de la sphère publique en tant qu'espace de débat littéraire et politique.

20 pages. Article publié dans la revue historique de l'Université de Suceava (Universitatea Stefan cel Mare Suceava, Faultatea de Istorie și Geografie) ; International audience ; This study presents some aspects related to the literary life of the Norwegian capital, between 1770-1884. After a short history of the Christiania (i.e. Oslo) during the above mentioned period, the author foray into the history of the Norwegian press from the 19th century (1814-1876) and analyses the public space from this town. ; Cet étude présente certains aspects de la vie littéraire dans la capitale norvégienne au XIXe siècle, et notamment les conditions d'émergence de la sphère publique en tant qu'espace de débat littéraire et politique.

International audience ; The article tries to cast light on the specificities of the Norwegian nationalism in the second part of the 19th century. That theme is introduced through a description of the juridical and political events that led to independance in 1905. The article shows to what extent the Norwegian nationalism did not necessarily oppose a monarchic union with Sweden. However, all attempts to renew the juridical status of the union failed, as the Norwegians were against all changes that might reduce their autonomy. Eventually, the absence of any agreement concerning the foreign policy, which was monopolized by the Swedish government, was the ultimate event that explains the Norwegian secession. In the second part, the contribution gives an account of the diversity of cultural strategies that systematically integrated nationalism in their project: among them, a reformist project, whose views were quite consensual (national raomantics); on the other hand, radical projects, like the New Norwegian movement.

International audience ; The university of Christiania obviously arose from the strengthening of national idea of the 19th century as well as from the process of building of the Norwegian autonomous State. The role of the liberal intellectuals belonging to the Circle of Intelligence remains however decisive in its origin, because they represent, by their ideology and action, the deep frame of mind of the academic institution. Among them is the charismatic character Anton Martin Schweigaard, the main theoretician of this circle, which academic and political radiance was of special significance in Norway during the years between 1814-1870. It is nevertheless necessary to observe that this influence declines soon after when faced with a rival plan, that of the uncompromising patriots linked to National romanticism.

International audience ; The article tries to cast light on the specificities of the Norwegian nationalism in the second part of the 19th century. That theme is introduced through a description of the juridical and political events that led to independance in 1905. The article shows to what extent the Norwegian nationalism did not necessarily oppose a monarchic union with Sweden. However, all attempts to renew the juridical status of the union failed, as the Norwegians were against all changes that might reduce their autonomy. Eventually, the absence of any agreement concerning the foreign policy, which was monopolized by the Swedish government, was the ultimate event that explains the Norwegian secession. In the second part, the contribution gives an account of the diversity of cultural strategies that systematically integrated nationalism in their project: among them, a reformist project, whose views were quite consensual (national raomantics); on the other hand, radical projects, like the New Norwegian movement.

International audience ; The university of Christiania obviously arose from the strengthening of national idea of the 19th century as well as from the process of building of the Norwegian autonomous State. The role of the liberal intellectuals belonging to the Circle of Intelligence remains however decisive in its origin, because they represent, by their ideology and action, the deep frame of mind of the academic institution. Among them is the charismatic character Anton Martin Schweigaard, the main theoretician of this circle, which academic and political radiance was of special significance in Norway during the years between 1814-1870. It is nevertheless necessary to observe that this influence declines soon after when faced with a rival plan, that of the uncompromising patriots linked to National romanticism.

International audience ; L'article examine, dans le cas norvégien, le lien entre la mise en place d'un Etat providence, le concept de "société de bien-être" et le développement du nationalisme norvégien. Il évoque également les caractéristiques du modèle norvégien et les enjeux auxquels celui-ci doit faire face avec le développement de l'intégration économique et politique européenne.

International audience ; L'article examine, dans le cas norvégien, le lien entre la mise en place d'un Etat providence, le concept de "société de bien-être" et le développement du nationalisme norvégien. Il évoque également les caractéristiques du modèle norvégien et les enjeux auxquels celui-ci doit faire face avec le développement de l'intégration économique et politique européenne.

in the case of Norway, the article examines the link between the establishment of a welfare state, the concept of a "welfare society" and the development of Norwegian nationalism. He also mentioned the characteristics of the Norwegian model and the challenges it faced with the development of European economic and political integration. ; International audience ; in the case of Norway, the article examines the link between the establishment of a welfare state, the concept of a "welfare society" and the development of Norwegian nationalism. He also mentioned the characteristics of the Norwegian model and the challenges it faced with the development of European economic and political integration. ; L'article examine, dans le cas norvégien, le lien entre la mise en place d'un Etat providence, le concept de "société de bien-être" et le développement du nationalisme norvégien. Il évoque également les caractéristiques du modèle norvégien et les enjeux auxquels celui-ci doit faire face avec le développement de l'intégration économique et politique européenne.