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14 páginas, 4 tablas, 6 figuras ; Burial of organic carbon in marine sediments has a profound influence in marine biogeochemical cycles and provides a sink for greenhouse gases such as CO2 and CH4. However, tracing organic carbon from primary production sources as well as its transformations in the sediment record remains challenging. Here we examine a novel but growing tool for tracing the biosynthetic origin of amino acid carbon skeletons, based on naturally occurring stable carbon isotope patterns in individual amino acids ( 13CAA/. We focus on two important aspects for 13CAA utility in sedimentary paleoarchives: first, the fidelity of source diagnostic of algal 13CAA patterns across different oceanographic growth conditions, and second, the ability of 13CAA patterns to record the degree of subsequent microbial amino acid synthesis after sedimentary burial. Using the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii, we tested under controlled conditions how 13CAA patterns respond to changing environmental conditions, including light, salinity, temperature, and pH. Our findings show that while differing oceanic growth conditions can change macromolecular cellular composition, 13CAA isotopic patterns remain largely invariant. These results emphasize that 13CAA patterns should accurately record biosynthetic sources across widely disparate oceanographic conditions. We also explored how 13CAA patterns change as a function of age, total nitrogen and organic carbon content after burial, in a marine sediment core from a coastal upwelling area off Peru. Based on the four most informative amino acids for distinguishing between diatom and bacterial sources (i.e., isoleucine, lysine, leucine and tyrosine), bacterially derived amino acids ranged from 10 to 15% in the sediment layers from the last 5000 years, and up to 35% during the last glacial period. The greater bacterial contributions in older sediments indicate that bacterial activity and amino acid resynthesis progressed, approximately as a function of sediment age, to a substantially larger degree than suggested by changes in total organic nitrogen and carbon content. It is uncertain whether archaea may have contributed to sedimentary 13CAA patterns we observe, and controlled culturing studies will be needed to investigate whether 13CAA patterns can differentiate bacterial from archeal sources. Further research efforts are also needed to understand how closely 13CAA patterns derived from hydrolyzable amino acids represent total sedimentary proteineincous material, and more broadly sedimentary organic nitrogen. Overall, however, both our culturing and sediment studies suggest that 13CAA patterns in sediments will represent a novel proxy for understanding both primary production sources, and the direct bacterial role in the ultimate preservation of sedimentary organic matter. ; The study was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft through the Cluster of Excellence "The Future Ocean" (EXC 80/1, CP0937). L. T. Bach was funded by the BMBF in the framework of the BIOACID II project, and M. Ventura was funded by the Spanish government project Invasivefish (427/2011). This work is a contribution to the DFG-supported Sonderforschungsbereich 754 "Climate–Biogeochemistry Interactions in the Tropical Ocean" (www.sfb754.de). ; Peer reviewed

To evaluate differences in maternal lines to the immune response of reproductive rabbit does, a total of 64 animals of two different lines: (1) founded for hyper-longevity and litter size criteria (LP) and (2) selected for litter size at weaning (V) were used. Females were subjected to three different reproductive efforts: post-partum (PP) mating at first lactation and 9 kits during the second; post-weaning (PW) mating at first lactation and 9 kits during the second; and PW mating at first lactation and 5 kits during the second. At second weaning (30 days PP), an acute response was induced by intravenous infusion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LP females seemed to be lower affected during the hyper-acute phase than V females, showing lower plasma glucose content at 1.5 h post infusion (pi) and rectal temperature at 6 h pi; and showed higher ulterior immune response, with higher levels of C-reactive protein at 48 h pi and haptoglobin in plasma from 24 h pi. Survival test conferred a higher risk of culling for V than for LP females during the first hours after challenge. These results may suggest that, regarding immune response to LPS challenge, foundation by hyper-longevity productive criteria lead to obtain a more robust population of rabbit does, characterized by improved response ability. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. ; This study has been supported by the Interministerial Commission for Science and Technology (CICYT) from the Spanish Government. Grants Number: AGL2011-30170-C02-01; AGL2011-30170-C02-02), is gratefully acknowledged. ; Ferrian, S.; Blas Ferrer, E.; Larsen, T.; Sánchez Serrano, JP.; Friggens, NC.; Corpa, JM.; Baselga Izquierdo, M. (2013). Comparison of immune response to lipopolysaccharide of rabbit does selected for litter size at weaning or founded for reproductive longevity. Research in Veterinary Science. 94(3):518-525. doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.01.008 ; S ; 518 ; 525 ; 94 ; 3