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Scientific study on what actually drives disaster policy reform in the developing world is extremely limited. As pioneering research for Indonesia, this paper questions what are the forms of disaster risk governance in Indonesia through time and what are the main reasons for such changes over time. Disaster reduction policy reform in Indonesia today takes place amid global disaster risk governance initiatives under the auspicious Hyogo Framework for Action. The author observes that changes in disaster reduction policy in Indonesia over the last 80 years have been less attributed to domestic responses to the large scale natural catastrophes than to co-production of and interaction of local and disaster reduction actors and institutions. The paper highlights how new forms of risk governance have emerged from government as a dominant actor during the 20thcentury to more polycentric governance in first decade of the 21stcentury in Indonesia.

This PhD research addresses two central questions: How should institutional vulnerability that shapes disaster risks and disaster reduction policy be assessed? How does the quality of institutions and governance influence the level of disaster risk and disaster reduction policy? In this dissertation, institutional vulnerability at global and local levels is analyzed and an answer to such questions is pursued. General vulnerability assessment frameworks on the global scale and local scale have limitations in measuring how and to what extent institutions in all countries can reduce risks. This PhD dissertation is pioneering in that it assesses global institutional vulnerability using an index-based approach on a national/local scale by employing mixed methods such as social network analysis complemented by qualitative approaches (e.g. participant observation and literature reviews) and quantitative approaches (simple regression, scatter plots and simple descriptive statistics). In this dissertation, it is hypothesized that the countries with greater institutional quality tend to have better governance over disaster risks, which leads to a higher level of disaster risk resilience. Risk assessors have often overlooked institutions. In fact, when one assesses vulnerability, for example, social/human vulnerability (such as using health, education, human development indices), physical vulnerability (quality of physical housing and infrastructure), economic vulnerability (income, economic production), and environmental vulnerability (land degradation, environmental quality indicators), the assessor essentially measures the "outcomes" of the institutions rather than the institutions directly. Institutional vulnerability to disaster risk is defined here as both the context and the process by which formal institutions (regulations, rule of law, constitutions, codes, bureaucracy, etc.), informal institutions (culture, norms, traditions, etc.), and governance are either too weak to provide protection against disaster risk or are ignorant of their duty to provide safety and human security. Central to this argument is the concept that institutions are designed, among others, to reduce risks. In this research, the focus is on disaster risks. This suggests a hypothesis that nations will fail to reduce risks owing to institutional and governance factors that modify their vulnerabilities and resilience. The findings show that both qualitative and quantitative methods at different scales of governance can assess institutional vulnerability and the governance of disaster risk reduction. At a global level, a quantitative approach to measuring institutional quality and governance disaster risk reduction is possible thanks to recent global data on countries' implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action; however, more efforts are required in the future. At the meso- and microlevels, this work describes the history of institutions for disaster risk management in Indonesia from the colonial period until the present challenges of decentralized governance. The main message is as follows: without considering institutions, institutional quality, and specific governance of disaster reduction at macro-, meso-. and microscales, disaster risk reduction will not be sustainably implemented. ; Institutionelle Vulnerabilität und Beeinflussung der Qualität von Institutionen und Governance auf den Grad der Katastrophenvorsorge auf globaler und lokaler Ebene Diese Doktorarbeit befasst sich mit zwei zentralen Fragen: Wie sollte institutionelle Vulnerabilität von Massnahmen zu Katastrophenrisiken und -vorsorge beurteilt werden? Wie beeinflusst die Qualität von Institutionen und Governance den Grad der Katastrophenvorsorge? Diese Dissertation analysiert institutionelle Vulnerabilität auf globaler und lokaler Ebene, um eine Antwort auf diese Fragen zu geben. Allgemeine Beurteilungssysteme von Vulnerabilität auf globaler und lokaler Ebene sind in ihrer Aussagekraft darüber begrenzt, wie und in welchem Umfang Institutionen in allen Ländern Risiken tatsächlich reduzieren können. Diese Dissertation ist eine grundlegende Arbeit dahingehend, indem sie globale institutionelle Vulnerabilität mittels eines Index-basierten Ansatzes auf nationaler / lokaler Ebene misst ergänzt durch gemischte Methoden wie soziale Netzwerkanalyse sowie qualitative (z.B. teilnehmende Beobachtung und Literaturrecherchen) und quantitative Ansätze (z.B. einfache Regression, Scatter-Plot, einfache deskriptive Statistik). In dieser Disssertation wird die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass die Länder mit der höchsten institutionellen Qualität eine bessere Governance von Katastrophenrisiken haben, was zu einer höheren Widerstandskraft gegen Katastrophenrisiken führt. Risiko-Assessoren haben oftmals Institutionen übersehen. Im Falle der Messung von Vulnerabilität, z.B. soziale / menschliche Vulnerabilität (wie z.B. Gesundheit, Bildung, Indizes der menschlichen Entwicklung), physische Vulnerabilität (Qualität der physischen Behausung / Gebäude und Infrastruktur), ökonomische Vulnerabilität (Einkommen, Wirtschaftsproduktion) und Umweltvulnerabilität(Landverödung, Umweltqualitätindikatoren), misst ein Assessor eigentlich nur das "Resultat" von Institutionen, aber nicht die Institution direkt. Institutionelle Vulnerabilität gegenüber Katastrophenrisiken wird hier definiert als der Kontext wie auch der Prozess, durch die formale Insitutionen (Verordnungen, Gesetz, Verfassungen, Vorschriften, Verwaltung usw.), informelle Institutionen (Kultur, Normen, Traditionen usw.) sowie Governance so geschwächt werden, dass sie entweder keinen Schutz gegenüber Naturkatastrophen bieten oder zu Ignoranz gegenüber ihrer Aufgabe führen, für Sicherheit und menschlichen Schutz zu sorgen. Ein zentrales Argument ist die Vorstellung, dass Institutionen u.a dafür gestaltet wurden, um Risiken zu reduzieren. In dieser Forschungsarbeit wird der Schwerpunkt auf Katastrophenrisiken / Naturkatastrophen gelegt. Dies führte zu der Hypothese, dass Nationen nicht in der Lage sind, aufgrund institutioneller Faktoren und Governance, die ihre Vulnerabilität und Fähigkeit zur Abpufferung ändern, Risiken zu reduzieren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass qualitative sowie quantitative Methoden auf verschiedenen Ebenen der Governance institutionelle Vulnerabilität und Governance der Katastrophenvorsorge messen können. Auf globaler Ebene ist die Anwendung eines quantitativen Ansatzes zur Messung der Qualität von Institutionen und Governance zur Reduzierung von Naturkatastrophen möglich dank der zur Verfügung stehenden globalen Daten aus Ländern, die das Hyogo Framework for Action eingesetzt haben. Trotzdem sind stärkere Anstrengungen in der Zukunft nötig. Auf der Meso- und Mikroebene beschreibt diese Arbeit die historische Entwicklung von Institutionen zur Katastrophenvorsorge in Indonesien von der Kolonialzeit bis zu den aktuellen Herausforderungen einer dezentralisierten Verwaltungsstruktur. Die wichtigste Aussage ist die Tatsache, dass Katastrophenvorsorge nicht nachhaltig implementiert werden kann, ohne Insitutionen, die Qualität von Institutionen sowie die spezifische Governance der Risikoreduktion auf der Makro-, Meso- und Mikroebene zu berücksichtigen.

Disaster scholars and practitioners have argued that disaster risk reduction (DRR) is a legitimate investment and there are multiple dividends that are associated with DRR. This paper argues that there is a need for a new policy framing that DRR investment is imperative that will generate dividends for governments and society at large. Under the auspice of the Sendai Framework for disaster risk reduction, governments around the world and international communities are urged to develop DRR strategies to not only aimed at reducing mortality and disaster losses but also provide multiple benefits to the society including achieving Sustainable Development Goals. This research aims to develop a global scale baseline of investment in disaster risk reduction worldwide. A total of 222 countries and territories are included in this study to assess their relative investment in DRR. We define DRR investment as an aggregation of three distinct investment: financial investment, social investment and early warning system investment. The study generated a global index that measures disaster risk reduction investment committed by the countries. The findings suggest that investment in disaster risk reduction remains low in high risk but low to middle - income countries in contrast to higher income countries such as the OECD group. Insights from our research suggests that the concept of entrepreneurial government is needed in order to be more ambitious in triggering, facilitating and initiating investment in disaster risk reduction in a broader framework.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to understand the role of exogenous drivers that seeks to foster endogenous resilience and climate adaptation policy and practice in developing countries. It particularly examines the role of Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network as an exogenous driver that sought to sustain urban climate adaptation and resilience agenda in a secondary city in Indonesia.Design/methodology/approachThe research combines fieldworks and desktop research. Primary data collection includes participant observation, unstructured interviews with city stakeholders and project managers, semi-structured interviews with local communities and literature reviews. This research also used an ethnographic field research approach.FindingsExogenous drivers have temporarily fostered climate change adaptation at city level, but the question remains is how can international actors effectively create a meaningful transformation toward urban resilience in developing countries like Indonesia. Exogenous drivers can play significant roles as a catalyst for urban adaptation planning, including undertaking vulnerability assessment and city resilience strategy and implementing adaptation actions, and facilitates risk management. Further processes for mainstreaming climate adaptation and disaster reduction depend on how receptive and responsive local actors to co-facilitate and co-lead urban resilience buildings and development.Originality/valueThere is still lack of documented knowledge on local institutional change and policy making processes. This research shows challenges and opportunities in institutionalising urban climate adaptation and risk management agenda. It further shows that genesis of endogenous adaptation cannot be separated from the exogenous climate adaptation processes as well as internal dynamic of urban governance in developing world.

Planning for and considering animals is a growing area within emergency and disaster planning. As people adapt to the changing risks of disaster events that are increasing in magnitude and frequency, communities, particularly those in regional and remote areas of Australia, face challenges that are very different from other more populated areas. These communities are often home to pets, which pose unique challenges during evacuation, response and recovery phases of emergency management. Australian state and territory government emergency management plans give varied considerations to animal management. In the Northern Territory, the Territory Emergency Plan (Northern Territory Government 2022) serves as a base for animal management in disasters. However, significant reform is required to fill gaps in considerations of animals in remote communities, especially First Nations communities, given the strong socio-cultural connections within family structures and contributions to wellbeing under First Nations health worldviews and the human-animal bond. Such reform requires consultation and collaboration with First Nations Australians to promote 'right-way' science, build local capacity and support community resilience. Considerations of the interplay between people and their pets in disaster planning, response and recovery contributes to ongoing advances in the 'One Health' and 'One Welfare' paradigms.