This study sets out to examine the legal framework of public international law, as well as the municipal law regimes governing United Nations peace operations. The method applied in the study is legal dogmatics. The study does not try to prove any predefined hypothesis, but it rather aims to systematize the international legal order by identifying which legal and other regulations validly apply when military force is used by or on behalf of the United Nations. The study ends to a conclusion that the human rights law (HRL), and not the international humanitarian law (IHL), is the legal framework applicable to United Nations peace operations. However, the study recognizes that the regime of international humanitarian law applies also to United Nations under the same conditions it applies to other actors in situations of armed conflict. The study recommends that the laws of armed conflict should be rewritten. A single convention should be drafted, comprising the valid rules of conduct of warfare in clear and simple terms. The distinction between international and non-international armed conflicts should be expunged and the rules of customary international humanitarian law should be imported to the convention. The study further recommends that the role of the United Nations should be specified and the members of United Nations troops in armed conflict situations should be given a protected status analogical to the police forces of national governments. A code of conduct of the United Nations should be promulgated that would determine its rights and responsibilities in relation to the parties of armed conflicts.
In: Zuberbier , T , Abdul Latiff , A H , Abuzakouk , M , Aquilina , S , Asero , R , Baker , D , Ballmer-Weber , B , Bangert , C , Ben-Shoshan , M , Bernstein , J A , Bindslev-Jensen , C , Brockow , K , Brzoza , Z , Chong Neto , H J , Church , M K , Criado , P R , Danilycheva , I V , Dressler , C , Ensina , L F , Fonacier , L , Gaskins , M , Gáspár , K , Gelincik , A , Giménez-Arnau , A , Godse , K , Gonçalo , M , Grattan , C , Grosber , M , Hamelmann , E , Hébert , J , Hide , M , Kaplan , A , Kapp , A , Kessel , A , Kocatürk , E , Kulthanan , K , Larenas-Linnemann , D , Lauerma , A , Leslie , T A , Magerl , M , Makris , M , Meshkova , R Y , Metz , M , Micallef , D , Mortz , C G , Nast , A , Oude-Elberink , H , Pawankar , R , Pigatto , P D , Ratti Sisa , H , Rojo Gutiérrez , M I , Saini , S S , Schmid-Grendelmeier , P , Sekerel , B E , Siebenhaar , F , Siiskonen , H , Soria , A , Staubach-Renz , P , Stingeni , L , Sussman , G , Szegedi , A , Thomsen , S F , Vadasz , Z , Vestergaard , C , Wedi , B , Zhao , Z & Maurer , M 2022 , ' The international EAACI/GA²LEN/EuroGuiDerm/APAAACI guideline for the definition, classification, diagnosis, and management of urticaria ' , Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology , vol. 77 , no. 3 , pp. 734-766 . https://doi.org/10.1111/all.15090
This update and revision of the international guideline for urticaria was developed following the methods recommended by Cochrane and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) working group. It is a joint initiative of the Dermatology Section of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (EAACI), the Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA²LEN) and its Urticaria and Angioedema Centers of Reference and Excellence (UCAREs and ACAREs), the European Dermatology Forum (EDF; EuroGuiDerm), and the Asia Pacific Association of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology with the participation of 64 delegates of 50 national and international societies and from 31 countries. The consensus conference was held on 3 December 2020. This guideline was acknowledged and accepted by the European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS). Urticaria is a frequent, mast cell–driven disease that presents with wheals, angioedema, or both. The lifetime prevalence for acute urticaria is approximately 20%. Chronic spontaneous or inducible urticaria is disabling, impairs quality of life, and affects performance at work and school. This updated version of the international guideline for urticaria covers the definition and classification of urticaria and outlines expert-guided and evidence-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for the different subtypes of urticaria.
In: Zuberbier , T , Abdul Latiff , A H , Abuzakouk , M , Aquilina , S , Asero , R , Baker , D , Ballmer-Weber , B , Bangert , C , Ben-Shoshan , M , Bernstein , J A , Bindslev-Jensen , C , Brockow , K , Brzoza , Z , Chong Neto , H J , Church , M K , Criado , P R , Danilycheva , I V , Dressler , C , Ensina , L F , Fonacier , L , Gaskins , M , Gáspár , K , Gelincik , A , Giménez-Arnau , A , Godse , K , Gonçalo , M , Grattan , C , Grosber , M , Hamelmann , E , Hébert , J , Hide , M , Kaplan , A , Kapp , A , Kessel , A , Kocatürk , E , Kulthanan , K , Larenas-Linnemann , D , Lauerma , A , Leslie , T A , Magerl , M , Makris , M , Meshkova , R Y , Metz , M , Micallef , D , Mortz , C G , Nast , A , Oude-Elberink , H , Pawankar , R , Pigatto , P D , Ratti Sisa , H , Rojo Gutiérrez , M I , Saini , S S , Schmid-Grendelmeier , P , Sekerel , B E , Siebenhaar , F , Siiskonen , H , Soria , A , Staubach-Renz , P , Stingeni , L , Sussman , G , Szegedi , A , Thomsen , S F , Vadasz , Z , Vestergaard , C , Wedi , B , Zhao , Z & Maurer , M 2022 , ' The international EAACI/GA²LEN/EuroGuiDerm/APAAACI guideline for the definition, classification, diagnosis, and management of urticaria ' , Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology . https://doi.org/10.1111/all.15090 ; ISSN:0105-4538
This update and revision of the international guideline for urticaria was developed following the methods recommended by Cochrane and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) working group. It is a joint initiative of the Dermatology Section of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (EAACI), the Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA²LEN) and its Urticaria and Angioedema Centers of Reference and Excellence (UCAREs and ACAREs), the European Dermatology Forum (EDF; EuroGuiDerm), and the Asia Pacific Association of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology with the participation of 64 delegates of 50 national and international societies and from 31 countries. The consensus conference was held on 3 December 2020. This guideline was acknowledged and accepted by the European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS). Urticaria is a frequent, mast cell–driven disease that presents with wheals, angioedema, or both. The lifetime prevalence for acute urticaria is approximately 20%. Chronic spontaneous or inducible urticaria is disabling, impairs quality of life, and affects performance at work and school. This updated version of the international guideline for urticaria covers the definition and classification of urticaria and outlines expert-guided and evidence-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for the different subtypes of urticaria.
In: Zuberbier , T , Abdul Latiff , A H , Abuzakouk , M , Aquilina , S , Asero , R , Baker , D , Ballmer-Weber , B , Bangert , C , Ben-Shoshan , M , Bernstein , J A , Bindslev-Jensen , C , Brockow , K , Brzoza , Z , Chong-Neto , H J , Church , M K , Criado , P R , Danilycheva , I V , Dressler , C , Ensina , L F , Fonacier , L , Gaskins , M , Gáspár , K , Gelincik , A , Giménez-Arnau , A , Godse , K , Gonçalo , M , Grattan , C , Grosber , M , Hamelmann , E , Hébert , J , Hide , M , Kaplan , A , Kapp , A , Kessel , A , Kocatürk , E , Kulthanan , K , Larenas-Linnemann , D , Lauerma , A , Leslie , T , Magerl , M , Makris , M , Meshkova , R Y , Metz , M , Micallef , D , Mortz , C G , Nast , A , Oude-Elberink , H , Pawankar , R , Pigatto , P , Ratti Sisa , H , Gutiérrez , M I R , Saini , S S , Schmid-Grendelmeier , P , Sekerel , B E , Siebenhaar , F , Siiskonen , H , Soria , A , Staubach-Renz , P , Stingeni , L , Sussman , G , Szegedi , A , Thomsen , S F , Vadasz , Z , Vestergaard , C , Wedi , B , Zhao , Z & Maurer , M 2022 , ' The International EAACI/GA²LEN/EuroGuiDerm/APAAACI Guideline for the Definition, Classification, Diagnosis and Management of Urticaria ' , Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology , vol. 77 , no. 3 , pp. 734-766 . https://doi.org/10.1111/all.15090
This update and revision of the international guideline for urticaria was developed following the methods recommended by Cochrane and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) working group. It is a joint initiative of the Dermatology Section of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (EAACI), the Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA²LEN) and its Urticaria and Angioedema Centers of Reference and Excellence (UCAREs and ACAREs), the European Dermatology Forum (EDF; EuroGuiDerm), and the Asia Pacific Association of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology with the participation of 64 delegates of 50 national and international societies and from 31 countries. The consensus conference was held on 3 December 2020. This guideline was acknowledged and accepted by the European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS). Urticaria is a frequent, mast-cell-driven disease that presents with wheals, angioedema, or both. The lifetime prevalence for acute urticaria is approximately 20%. Chronic urticaria, i.e. chronic spontaneous urticaria and chronic inducible urticaria, is disabling, impairs quality of life, and affects performance at work and school. This updated version of the international guideline for urticaria covers the definition and classification of urticaria and outlines expert-guided and evidence-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for the different subtypes of urticaria.
In: Zuberbier , T , Abdul Latiff , A H , Abuzakouk , M , Aquilina , S , Asero , R , Baker , D , Ballmer-Weber , B , Bangert , C , Ben-Shoshan , M , Bernstein , J A , Bindslev-Jensen , C , Brockow , K , Brzoza , Z , Chong Neto , H J , Church , M K , Criado , P R , Danilycheva , I V , Dressler , C , Ensina , L F , Fonacier , L , Gaskins , M , Gáspár , K , Gelincik , A , Giménez-Arnau , A , Godse , K , Gonçalo , M , Grattan , C , Grosber , M , Hamelmann , E , Hébert , J , Hide , M , Kaplan , A , Kapp , A , Kessel , A , Kocatürk , E , Kulthanan , K , Larenas-Linnemann , D , Lauerma , A , Leslie , T A , Magerl , M , Makris , M , Meshkova , R Y , Metz , M , Micallef , D , Mortz , C G , Nast , A , Oude-Elberink , H , Pawankar , R , Pigatto , P D , Ratti Sisa , H , Rojo Gutiérrez , M I , Saini , S S , Schmid-Grendelmeier , P , Sekerel , B E , Siebenhaar , F , Siiskonen , H , Soria , A , Staubach-Renz , P , Stingeni , L , Sussman , G , Szegedi , A , Thomsen , S F , Vadasz , Z , Vestergaard , C , Wedi , B , Zhao , Z & Maurer , M 2022 , ' The international EAACI/GA²LEN/EuroGuiDerm/APAAACI guideline for the definition, classification, diagnosis, and management of urticaria ' , Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology , vol. 77 , no. 3 , pp. 734-766 . https://doi.org/10.1111/all.15090
This update and revision of the international guideline for urticaria was developed following the methods recommended by Cochrane and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) working group. It is a joint initiative of the Dermatology Section of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (EAACI), the Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA²LEN) and its Urticaria and Angioedema Centers of Reference and Excellence (UCAREs and ACAREs), the European Dermatology Forum (EDF; EuroGuiDerm), and the Asia Pacific Association of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology with the participation of 64 delegates of 50 national and international societies and from 31 countries. The consensus conference was held on 3 December 2020. This guideline was acknowledged and accepted by the European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS). Urticaria is a frequent, mast cell–driven disease that presents with wheals, angioedema, or both. The lifetime prevalence for acute urticaria is approximately 20%. Chronic spontaneous or inducible urticaria is disabling, impairs quality of life, and affects performance at work and school. This updated version of the international guideline for urticaria covers the definition and classification of urticaria and outlines expert-guided and evidence-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for the different subtypes of urticaria.