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This Article promotes the serious consideration of innocence in the criminal process, and gives meaning to the rhetoric surrounding the presumption of innocence. The first part illustrates the near irrelevance of innocence in an accusatorial system of justice where burdens of proof require proof of guilt The second and third parts of the Article discuss the meaning of the presumption of innocence. It is argued that legislatures and courts have ignored the tension between the conflicting goals of the criminal process by thinking of the presumption of innocence as a legal presumption. As a legal presumption, its effects are indistinguishable from the reasonable doubt rule. Arguments are presented that the presumption should be factually based so that jurors are asked to assume the accused's innocence in fact. This Article concludes with a proposal for a factually based assumption of innocence.

PurposeThis article aims to place recent corporate governance reforms in the historical context of the good corporate citizenship movement that began in the US in the mid‐1990s and came to an abrupt end in 2002 when the most recent spate of corporate scandals emerged. It explores what the apparent failure of this movement portends for the recently‐enacted governance reforms.Design/methodology/approachThe paper engages in a policy analysis of regulatory reform.FindingsAfter offering the tale of corporate governance, a critical take on current reforms, the paper finds the skeptic's and pessimist's account of corporate good citizenship movement to be most helpful in explaining the illusory nature of corporate reforms and the resilience of the regulatory status quo.Originality/valueThe paper is a critical analysis of corporate governance reforms.

"Criminology is a young discipline. In fact, the term "criminology" is only a little more than a century old. But in this brief time, criminology has emerged as an important social and behavioral science devoted to the study of crime and criminal behavior, and the society's response to both. Criminology fosters theoretical debates, contributes ideas and constructs, develops and explores new research methodologies, and suggests policies and solutions to a wide range of crime problems that dramatically affect the lives of countless people in the United States and around the world. Problems as vital and urgent as those addressed in this book are challenging, exciting, and, at the same time, disturbing and tragic. Moreover, these problems are immediately relevant to all of our lives. This is especially true today, when crimes here and abroad touch so many lives, in so many ways. Our goal with this book has been, and remains, to discuss these problems, their origins, and their possible solutions in a clear, practical, straightforward fashion that brings the material to life for students. We invite faculty and students alike to join the authors' in traveling along criminology's path, exploring its expanding boundaries, and mapping out its future"--

Understanding criminology -- An overview of criminology -- Measuring crime and criminal behavior patterns -- Schools of thought throughout history -- Explanations of crime and criminal behavior -- Psychological and biological perspectives -- Strain and culture deviance theories -- The formation of subcultures -- Social control theory -- Targets and victims of crimes -- Alternative explanations of crime: labeling, conflict, and radical theories -- Types of crime -- The concept of crime -- Violent crimes -- Crimes against property -- Organizational criminality -- Drug-, alcohol-, and sex-related crime -- Comparative criminology.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1. Transracial Adoption: An Overview -- 2. Court Decisions InvolvingTransracial Adoptions -- 3. Research Design -- 4. Demographic Profiles of the Parents and Children -- 5. The Parents' Experiences -- 6. The Children's Experiences -- 7. How the Parents' andChildren's AccountsMatch Up -- 8. Problem Families -- 9. Ordinary Families: A Collective Portrait -- 10. The Fourth Phase -- Concluding Comments -- Selected Bibliography -- Index