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Research letter ; This work was supported by the Basque Government: the Department of Economic Development, Sustainability and Environment, and the Department of Health (grant number 2019111038). M.T. is the recipient of a predoctoral fellowship from the Basque Government (Department of Economic Development, Sustainability and Environment).

We report here the draft genome sequence of an extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia species isolated from rectal feces collected from beef cattle in northern Spain. Analysis of the draft genome identified the strain as a member of the newly described species Escherichia marmotae. © 2020 Ocejo et al. ; This work was funded by the Basque Government (Departamento de Desarrollo Económico e Infraestructuras, Ekonomiaren Garapen eta Lehiakortasun Saila, Eusko Jaurlaritza). M.T. is the recipient of a predoctoral fellowship from the Basque Government.

Recent evidences indicate that mitochondrial genes and function are decreased in active ulcerative colitis (UC) patients, in particular, the activity of Complex I of the electron transport chain is heavily compromised. MCJ is a mitochondrial inner membrane protein identified as a natural inhibitor of respiratory chain Complex I. The induction of experimental colitis in MCJ-deficient mice leads to the upregulation of Timp3 expression resulting in the inhibition of TACE activity that likely inhibits Tnf and Tnfr1 shedding from the cell membrane in the colon. MCJ-deficient mice also show higher expression of Myd88 and Tlr9, proinflammatory genes and disease severity. Interestingly, the absence of MCJ resulted in distinct microbiota metabolism and composition, including a member of the gut community in UC patients, Ruminococcus gnavus. These changes provoked an effect on IgA levels. Gene expression analyses in UC patients showed decreased levels of MCJ and higher expression of TIMP3, suggesting a relevant role of mitochondrial genes and function among active UC. The MCJ deficiency disturbs the regulatory relationship between the host mitochondria and microbiota affecting disease severity. Our results indicate that mitochondria function may be an important factor in the pathogenesis. All together support the importance of MCJ regulation during UC. ; This work was supported by grants [AGL2017-86757-R to LA, SAF2015-65327-R to JA, AGL2017-89055-R to CS and VGC, SAF2016-77433-R to RPR] from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness co financed with FEDER funds, the XIII Grant from GETECCU-Otsuka (Grupo Español de Trabajo en Enfermedad de Crohn y Colitis ulcerosa to LA) and Basque Government project for health [number 2015111117 to LA]. LA and RP-R are Ramón y Cajal fellows [RYC-2013-13666] from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. RP-R is supported in part by National Institute of Health [grant AI115091]. APC is a fellow of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), DB from FPI program of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, and AC and AP from the Basque Government. CIC bioGUNE support was provided by the Basque Department of Industry, Tourism and Trade (Etortek and Elkartek Programs), the Innovation Technology Department of Bizkaia County, and Spanish MINECO the Severo Ochoa Excellence Accreditation [SEV-2016-0644]. ; Peer reviewed

Salp15, a salivary protein of Ixodes ticks, inhibits the activation of naïve CD4 T cells. Treatment with Salp15 results in the inhibition of early signaling events and the production of the autocrine growth factor, interleukin-2. The fate of the CD4 T cells activated in the presence of Salp15 or its long-term effects are, however, unknown. We now show that Salp15 binding to CD4 is persistent and induces a long-lasting immunomodulatory effect. The activity of Salp15 results in sustained diminished cross-antigenic antibody production even after interruption of the treatment with the protein. Transcriptionally, the salivary protein provokes an acute effect that includes known activation markers, such as Il2 or Cd44, and that fades over time. The long-term effects exerted by Salp15 do not involve the induction of either anergy traits nor increased populations of regulatory T cells. Similarly, the treatment with Salp15 does not result in B cell anergy or the generation of myeloid suppressor cells. However, Salp15 induces the increased expression of the ectoenzyme, CD73, in regulatory T cells and increased production of adenosine. Our study provides a profound characterization of the immunomodulatory activity of Salp15 and suggests that its long-term effects are due to the specific regulation of CD73. Introduction ; Supported by grants from the Department of Education of the Basque Government (PI2013-49 to JA and PI2012-42 to RB). JA is funded by the European Union (Grant Agreement number 602272). AMA and JLL's work was supported by the Basque Department of Industry, Tourism and Trade (Etortek and Elkartek Programs), the Innovation Technology Department of Bizkaia and the CIBERehd Network. The work of AC is supported by a Ramón y Cajal award, the Basque Department of Industry, Tourism and Trade (Etortek), ISCIII (PI13/00031), FERO VIII Fellowship, the BBVA foundation, MINECO (SAF2016-79381-R) and the European Research Council Starting Grant (336343). CIBERonc was co-funded with FEDER funds. AC-M was funded by a Juan de la Cierva program award and the European Union MSCA program (CIG 660191). RB was funded by MINECO grants BFU2011-25986 and BFU2014-52282-P and the Consolider Program (BFU2014-57703-REDC). FJB was funded by a MINECO grant (CTQ2014-56966-R). D.B. is funded by a MINECO FPI fellowship. We thank the MINECO for the Severo Ochoa Excellence accreditation (SEV-2016-0644). ; Peer reviewed

20 pags., 7 figs., 1 tab. ; Colorectal cancer pathogenesis and progression isassociated with the presence of Fusobacteriumnucleatum and the reduction of acetylated deriva-tives of spermidine, as well as dietary componentssuch as tannin-rich foods. We show that a new tan-nase orthologue of F. nucleatum (TanBFnn) has sig-nicant structural differences with its Lactobacillusplantarum counterpart affecting the ap covering theactive site and the accessibility of substrates. Crys-tallographic and molecular dynamics analysisrevealed binding of polyamines to a small cavity thatconnects the active site with the bulk solvent whichinteract with catalytically indispensable residues. Asa result, spermidine and its derivatives, particularlyN8-acetylated spermidine, inhibit the hydrolytic activ-ity of TanBFnnand increase the toxicity of gallotan-nins to F. nucleatum. Our results support a model inwhich the balance between the detoxicant activity ofTanBFnnand the presence of metabolic inhibitorscan dictate either conducive or unfavourable condi-tions for the survival of F. nucleatum. ; Supported by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCI) cofinanced with FEDER funds (SAF2015‐65327‐R and RTI2018‐096494‐B‐100 to JA; AGL2017‐86757‐R to LA, SAF2015‐73549‐JIN to HR; RTI2018‐099592‐B‐C22 to GJO) and the Mizutani Foundation for Glycoscience (200077 to GJO). LA and GJO are supported by the Ramon y Cajal program (RYC‐2013‐13666 and RYC‐2013‐14706 respectively). JTC and AP are the recipients postdoctoral fellowships from the Basque Government. DB is the recipient of a MCI FPI fellowship. APC is the recipient of a fellowship from the University of the Basque Country. We thank the MCI for the Severo Ochoa Excellence accreditation (SEV‐2016‐0644) and the Basque Department of Industry, Tourism and Trade (Etortek and Elkartek programs). JMM thanks the ALBA synchrotron for providing access time to the BL‐13 XALOC beamline. This work is supported by grants from the Jesús de Gangoiti Barrera Foundation ; Peer reviewed

Lyme carditis is an extracutaneous manifestation of Lyme disease characterized by episodes of atrioventricular block of varying degrees and additional, less reported cardiomyopathies. The molecular changes associated with the response to Borrelia burgdorferi over the course of infection are poorly understood. Here, we identify broad transcriptomic and proteomic changes in the heart during infection that reveal a profound down-regulation of mitochondrial components. We also describe the long-term functional modulation of macrophages exposed to live bacteria, characterized by an augmented glycolytic output, increased spirochetal binding and internalization, and reduced inflammatory responses. In vitro, glycolysis inhibition reduces the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) by memory macrophages, whereas in vivo, it produces the reversion of the memory phenotype, the recovery of tissue mitochondrial components, and decreased inflammation and spirochetal burdens. These results show that B. burgdorferi induces long-term, memory-like responses in macrophages with tissue-wide consequences that are amenable to be manipulated in vivo. ; Supported by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (MCIU) co-financed with FEDER funds (SAF2015-65327-R and RTI2018-096494-B-100 to JA; BFU2016-76872-R to EB, AGL2017-86757-R to LA, SAF2017-87301-R to MLMC, SAF2015-64111-R to AP, SAF2015-73549-JIN to HR), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PIE13/0004 to AP), the Basque Government Department of Health (2015111117 to LA), the Basque Foundation for Innovation and Health Research (BIOEF), through the EiTB Maratoia grant BIO15/CA/016/BS to MLMC, the regional Government of Andalusia co-funded by CEC and FEDER funds (Proyectos de Excelencia P12-CTS-2232) and Fundación Domingo Martínez (to AP). LA is supported by the Ramon y Cajal program (RYC-2013-13666). DB, MMR and TMM are recipients of MCIU FPI fellowships. ACG and AP are recipients of fellowships form the Basque Government. APC is a recipient of a fellowship from the University of the Basque Country. We thank the MCIU for the Severo Ochoa Excellence accreditation (SEV-2016-0644), the Basque Department of Industry, Tourism and Trade (Etortek and Elkartek programs), the Innovation Technology Department of the Bizkaia Province and the CIBERehd network. DB and JA are supported by a grant from the Jesús de Gangoiti Barrera Foundation.