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This project was compiled in co-operation with the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm and Veolia Environmental Services (Australia) at the Woodlawn Bioreactor in NSW, Australia. Hydrogen sulphide is an unwanted component of landfill gas, raising occupational health and safety concerns, whilst leading to acid gas corrosion of power generation equipment and increased emissions of SOx, a primary constituent of acidification. Australian governmental requirements to place a periodic cover over the unused proportion of the tipping surface of landfills and bioreactors create an interesting opportunity for the removal of the hydrogen sulphide component of landfill gas. Using waste materials containing a high concentration of metals as waste cover can enhance the precipitation of sulphur in the form of metal sulphides. The reduction of sulphate via sulphate reducing bacteria is prevalent in sites that have a sizeable inflow of sulphate. The Woodlawn Bioreactor is located in an area where the influence of sulphate has a critical influence of bioreactor performance and production of hydrogen sulphide. Through a series of experimental bioreactors it was established that from the use of metalliferous periodic waste covers, the hydrogen sulphide component of landfill gas was maintained at an extremely low level when compared to the levels of hydrogen sulphide produced in waste under the influence of high sulphate loads with no waste cover. ; www.ima.kth.se

The United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set an ambitious umbrella framework for regional and national governments around the world; addressing a breadth of areas such as providing for economic growth, reducing harmful pollution, improving resource efficiency and waste management, eradicating poverty, and enabling access to necessary infrastructure, housing and services. In working toward these goals, nations need to reconcile the potential of inter-goal conflicts arising from policy and steering mechanisms that only work toward specific goals. In reviewing the development of European waste policy, action has concentrated on achieving the broad societal goals of improving sanitation and reducing negative environmental and health consequences. Moving forward, many regions and nations have also begun to address waste considering multiple goals that strive for triple bottom line improvements via promotion of, for example, the circular economy. This raises the question, are the tools and political objects of past waste management regimes fit for the new functions and goals that are expected of future systems? This article investigates the policies and calculative tools that are a product of historic developments and assesses whether they are still relevant in their current state in light of our collective SDGs. Waste management principles (e.g. the waste hierarchy, the proximity principle, and the polluter pays principle) are evaluated in the context of the SDGs. Similarly, key calculative tools, such as resource efficiency indicators (e.g. GDP/domestic material consumption), are evaluated in the context of the multiple SDGs. We argue that many of these principles and tools need to be reconsidered to support action toward the SDGs and to prevent inter-goal conflicts. Suggestions for adaptations of principles and tools are outlined and discussed. Such evaluation can benefit both European countries and emerging countries looking to "leapfrog" toward modern and balanced sustainable development and waste management. ; The United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set an ambitious umbrella framework for regional and national governments around the world; addressing a breadth of areas such as providing for economic growth, reducing harmful pollution, improving resource efficiency and waste management, eradicating poverty, and enabling access to necessary infrastructure, housing and services. In working toward these goals, nations need to reconcile the potential of inter-goal conflicts arising from policy and steering mechanisms that only work toward specific goals. In reviewing the development of European waste policy, action has concentrated on achieving the broad societal goals of improving sanitation and reducing negative environmental and health consequences. Moving forward, many regions and nations have also begun to address waste considering multiple goals that strive for triple bottom line improvements via promotion of, for example, the circular economy. This raises the question, are the tools and political objects of past waste management regimes fit for the new functions and goals that are expected of future systems? This article investigates the policies and calculative tools that are a product of historic developments and assesses whether they are still relevant in their current state in light of our collective SDGs. Waste management principles (e.g. the waste hierarchy, the proximity principle, and the polluter pays principle) are evaluated in the context of the SDGs. Similarly, key calculative tools, such as resource efficiency indicators (e.g. GDP/domestic material consumption), are evaluated in the context of the multiple SDGs. We argue that many of these principles and tools need to be reconsidered to support action toward the SDGs and to prevent inter-goal conflicts. Suggestions for adaptations of principles and tools are outlined and discussed. Such evaluation can benefit both European countries and emerging countries looking to "leapfrog" toward modern and balanced sustainable development and waste management.

"Providing a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms and consequences of the circular economy, as well as its limitations, it raises important questions concerning how the world should proceed when non-renewable resources, such as fossil fuels and minerals, are being depleted and the environment is struggling to cope with the waste and emissions of unsustainable production and consumption systems. Contributors explore a broad range of themes, such as new sustainable production and consumption systems, new design requirements, recycling systems, new business models and the social impacts of the circular economy, while also consolidating the many ways in which the topic has been dealt with in research, business and policy-making." -- Page [4] of cover

Contents : Foreword by Janez Potocnik and Julia Okatz -- 1. Introduction and overview / Miguel Brandão, David Lazarevic and Göran Finnveden -- Part I: Fundamentals of the circular economy -- 2. The circular economy: a strategy to reconcile economic and environmental objectives? / David Lazarevic and Miguel Brandão -- 3. The circular economy as a complex adaptive system / Jouni Korhonen -- 4. The role of design as a barrier to and enabler of the circular economy / Deborah Andrews -- 5. Industrial symbiosis networks: application of the circular economy for resource efficiency / Michael Martin -- 6. Product service systems: business models towards a circular economy / Sofia Lingegård -- 7. Consumers in the circular economy / Juana Camacho-Otero, Vivian S.C. Tunn, Lucy Chamberlin and Casper Boks -- Part II: Assessing the impacts of a circular economy -- 8. Material flow analysis of recycling systems / Sarah Schmidt and David Laner -- 9. An element flow analysis approach to support the circular economy / Rajib Sinha, Rafael Laurenti, Jagdeep Singh and Björn M. Frostell -- 10. Modelling material recycling in life cycle assessment: how sensitive are results to the available methods? / Tomas Ekvall and Miguel Brandão -- 11. Environmental economic assessment of novel circular economy and bioeconomy technologies / Mikael Skou Andersen and Louise Martinsen -- 12. Integrated sustainability assessment of a circular economy / Kristian Skånberg, Anders Wijkman, Mårten Berglund, Göran Finnveden and Miguel Brandão -- 13. Sex, drugs and the circular economy: the social impacts of the circular economy and how to measure them / Kati Pitkänen, Tiina Kaisa Maria Karppinen, Petrus Kautto, Sara Turunen, Jachym Judl and Tuuli Myllymaa -- 14. Why and how actors and organizations need to be integrated into a systems-level monitoring for a sustainable circular economy / Dominik Wiedenhofer, Stefan Pauliuk, Andreas Mayer, Doris Virág and Willi Haas -- 15. Circular economy rebound / Jason Maier, Roland Geyer and Trevor Zink -- Part III: Governing the circular economy -- 16. Between a policy mix and a policy mess : policy instruments and instrumentation for the circular economy / Petrus Kautto and David Lazarevic -- 17. The missing link: regulating waste-based materials in the circular economy / Topi Turunen -- 18. Building ecologies of circular intermediaries / Jack Barrie and Wisdom Kanda -- 19. Transforming business models: towards a sufficiency-based circular economy / Nancy M.P. Bocken and Samuel W. Short -- 20. Putting circular ambitions into action: the case of Accus, a small Swedish sign company / Hervé Corvellec, Maira Babri and Herman I. Stål -- 21 from waste management to natural capital management in the circular economy / Graham Aid and David Lazarevic -- 22 refurbishing the 'circular economy' concept in Russia: From industrial policy towards innovation by co-creation / Darya Gerasimenko, Ekaterina Markelova and Raisa Momot -- 23 the circular economy at the heart of French sustainable public policies: What are the consequences? / Nicolas Buclet -- 24 how portugal is applying the circular challenge / Carlos Borrego, Sandra Rafael, Sílvia Coelho, Bruno Augusto, Afonso Silva, Johnny Reis, Ana Isabel Miranda and Myriam Lopes -- Part IV: Sectoral and business case studies -- 25 what circular economy measures fit what kind of product? / Anne-Marie Tillman, Siri Willskytt, Daniel Böckin, Hampus André and Maria Ljunggren Söderman -- 26 circular manufacturing systems / Amir Rashid, Malvina Roci and Farazee M.A. Asif -- 27 the circular nutrient economy: Needs and potentials of nutrient recycling / Helena Valve, Petri Ekholm and Sari Luostarinen -- 28 understanding forest-based value creation in a regional context / Antje Klitkou -- 29 bioenergy in the circular economy / Annette Cowie -- 30 do bioenergy, bioeconomy and circular economy systems mitigate climate change? Insights from life cycle assessment / Miguel Brandão -- 31 straw wars - a consequential saga: The life cycle climate change consequences of replacing plastic with paper / Simon Hoge and Miguel Brandão -- 32 circularity in the built environment: A call for a paradigm shift / Tove Malmqvist, Alice Moncaster, Freja Rasmussen and Harpa Birgisdóttir -- 33 implementation of a circular economy at universities / Joan Manuel F. Mendoza, Alejandro Gallego-Schmid and Adisa Azapagic -- 34 a life cycle perspective on the environmental aspects of complex, emerging resource recovery systems: The case of bauxite residue / P. James Joyce and Anna Björklund -- 35 urban mining: On the potential and multifaceted challenges of facilitating recycling of wire-based city infrastructure / Joakim Krook, Björn Wallsten, Niclas Svensson and Stefan Anderberg -- Part V: Prospects -- 36 beyond the consumer: Enlarging the role of the citizen in the circular economy / Kersty Hobson -- 37 managing the transition to the circular economy / Patrizia Ghisellini and Sergio Ulgiati -- 38 prospects for the circular economy and conclusions / Miguel Brandão, David Lazarevic and Göran Finnveden -- Index.

Abstract
Transformative innovation policy (TIP) implies not only new directionality for innovation policy but also rethinking its means and scope. This requires further investigation into the role of horizontal and cross-sectoral policy programmes that may be relevant for upscaling innovation and destabilising regimes. This paper studies the national implementation, in Finland, of the European Union (EU) programme for COVID-19 recovery, the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF), as an example of a cross-sectoral policy programme. It is of interest, because the EU has set certain conditions related to sustainability transitions for the RRF. Using a transformative policy mix approach, the paper finds that the Finnish RRF Programme lists many policy measures that can be regarded as having a transformative intent. These include upscaling innovative sustainability niches and destabilising existing practices. Yet, we also found that there is a risk that cross-sectoral programmes fail to find overall transformative visions and fund multiple potentially competing technological pathways instead.

Highlights • Policy settings are outcomes of ontological work. • The settings become configured in terms of their policy-relevant dimensions. • The outcomes affect how environmental liabilities become defined. • Tools are developed to trace ontological work performed by policy documents. • A study on water management shows how policies became diluted via ontological work. ; Environmental policies often leave room for case- or region-specific discretion. In this paper, we focus on the transformation of socio-material settings into objects of policy discretion. This move calls for manipulation—ontological work—enabling settings to be connected to policy aspirations. The settings become configured in terms of their professed policy-relevant dimensions. The outcomes affect how environmental liabilities become defined in policy processes. The paper develops a conceptual toolkit to analyse ontological work as it is performed by policy documents. We use the toolkit to analyse three types of policy documents defining how agricultural nutrient loading is to be reduced in the Finnish region of North Savo. The findings show that regulatory decisions and policy recommendations are, to a significant extent, outcomes of ontological work. Environmental liabilities are shaped by the ways 'unstable junctures' are brought into being. By these junctures we refer to the points in the configured policy landscapes where choices influential for water protection are, according to the documents, to be made. The documents also generate exclusions that narrow down what liability implies in the unstable junctures. Without a focus on the ontological work and emerging ordering effects, it would have been difficult to show how environmental liabilities became (un)defined in the policy documents. The approach is needed to understand how power is practiced in policy processes and how policy instruments come to have consequences.

Waste management in Europe has experienced significant changes since the 1970s. The majority of Member State waste management regimes have shifted from policies based on the control of waste disposal activities, to include goals for waste prevention and recovery. The rapid increase of plastic packaging recycling in Germany had a number of unintended consequences. In the first years of the Packaging Ordinance, the majority of plastic packaging collected was exported to China, Eastern Europe, and other EU Member States due to lack of national capacity. The setting of high recycling targets for plastic packaging waste between 1991 and 1998 and the prohibition of incineration with energy recovery was a key driver of recycling technology innovation in Germany. When adopting new principles to serve as the foundation of belief, they should synchronize with the existing waste management myths of individual regions, as myths may differ from region to region illustrating different cultural ideals. ; QC 20120219