Suchergebnisse

The goal of this article is to compare the regulation of the hours of retail alcohol sales in the First (1918–1940) and Second Republic of Lithuania (1990-2012). The research is based on document analysis. The regulation of the hours of alcohol sale in the First Republic of Lithuania is divided chronologically into three stages. Starting from 1922, sales were prohibited on certain state and religious (6) holidays and allowed on Sundays, but only after the church services, i.e. after 1 p.m. From 1925 until 1934, the most severe restrictions were in effect: alcohol sales were completely prohibited on Sundays and on 13 religious and 2 state holidays, and the hours of alcohol sales were shortened on Saturdays and on other religious holidays. In 1934, alcohol sales became strongly liberalized: the number of the religious holidays prohibiting them dropped significantly (only Christmas and Easter remained), Sunday sales were liberalized (allowed after the church services) and the sale hours were slightly prolonged. However, alcohol sales remained prohibited on days of the Seimas elections and mobilization throughout the entire period of the First Republic of Lithuania. Restrictions varied in alcohol shops and various public catering establishments (restaurants, pubs, cafés) where alcohol is sold on premise. In the latter, the sale hours were slightly longer than in shops. Furthermore, regulation of sale hours differed in regional centers (larger cities) and the smaller towns. The regulation of alcohol sales is clearly linked to the ruling parties of the time. The strongest restrictions on alcohol sale hours were imposed by the second Seimas, during the ruling of the Christian Democrats, and were liberalized during the period of ruling by Antanas Smetona. The sale hours in the Second Republic of Lithuania, twenty years after the passing of the Law on Alcohol Control, are very liberal compared to that of the First republic. Over the period since 2006, sales were prohibited only on the 1st of September (on premise sales ...

Municipal international cooperation is the main tool that enables municipalities to use the good practice of foreign countries, share mutually important information in the fields of government, economics, social protection, environment protection and other. Municipal international cooperation that is legalized by the agreements of local institutions, unites the whole world, encourages communities to communicate, increases mutual trust between nations and develops a dialogue. Despite the fact that thousands of city cooperation agreements are signed world-wide (more than 39 thousand of co-major and medium- sized cities had such agreements in Europe in 2010), the international relations of the local communities have not been extensively researched in this field. We have to agree with the researcher H. Buis (2009) who expressed the view that the local authorities having the ability and competencies to successfully influence and improve the cooperation process could pay more attention and put more resources to the field. The aim of the article is to analyze the situation and development tendencies of municipal international cooperation in Šiauliai County municipalities. The analysis and systematization of Lithuanian and foreign authors' scientific publications, research results, internet sources, legislation of the Republic of Lithuania and the European Union, and the research on municipal international cooperation in Šiauliai County municipalities under the expert evaluation method, enabled to reveal the peculiarities of cooperation relations establishment and development, evaluate usefulness of the activities and identify problems. [.]

Municipal international cooperation is the main tool that enables municipalities to use the good practice of foreign countries, share mutually important information in the fields of government, economics, social protection, environment protection and other. Municipal international cooperation that is legalized by the agreements of local institutions, unites the whole world, encourages communities to communicate, increases mutual trust between nations and develops a dialogue. Despite the fact that thousands of city cooperation agreements are signed world-wide (more than 39 thousand of co-major and medium- sized cities had such agreements in Europe in 2010), the international relations of the local communities have not been extensively researched in this field. We have to agree with the researcher H. Buis (2009) who expressed the view that the local authorities having the ability and competencies to successfully influence and improve the cooperation process could pay more attention and put more resources to the field. The aim of the article is to analyze the situation and development tendencies of municipal international cooperation in Šiauliai County municipalities. The analysis and systematization of Lithuanian and foreign authors' scientific publications, research results, internet sources, legislation of the Republic of Lithuania and the European Union, and the research on municipal international cooperation in Šiauliai County municipalities under the expert evaluation method, enabled to reveal the peculiarities of cooperation relations establishment and development, evaluate usefulness of the activities and identify problems. [.]

The article focuses on the changes in local political leadership and political identity emphasizing different dimensions of the social and political capital of the municipality mayor. The main objective is to reveal how different societal groups perceive the political, administrative and community experience of the mayor determining the complex profiles of local political leadership and role in local communities. The theoretical discussion is complemented with the results of the representative public opinion survey of Lithuanian inhabitants performed in February–March 2016. The empirical results reveal different perceptions of the mayor image which is more based on the 'managerial' leadership style rather than considering him as a politician. The relationships with the local community are perceived as less significant which also reveals the weak identification within local issues and fragmented social interactions with a variety of interest groups. The results contribute to the discussion on different value profiles and patterns of residents towards collective action and local political identity.

In 1928-1931, annual consumption of legal pure alcohol per capita was just 1.17 litres, while in 2014 the alcohol consumption per capita was 12.7 litres. The alcohol outlet density is one of the most significant factors for the indicators of alcohol consumption. The aim of this paper is to compare the characteristics of the regulation of retail alcohol outlets in the First (1918-1940) and Second (1990-2015) Republic of Lithuania. The goals are the following: to evaluate the aspects of alcohol outlet density, expiration dates and issue conditions of seller licences, and the maintenance of public order of seller licence usage as well as assurance of safety in the neighbourhoods, and to determine the period of Seimas (governing parties) ruling during which fundamental changes occurred in the liberalization or prohibition with regards to regulation of alcohol outlets. The paper is based on the method of document analysis. It was determined that the regulation of alcohol outlets was much stricter in the period of the First Republic of Lithuania than in the period of the Second Republic. In the First Republic of Lithuania, the regulation of the density of alcohol outlets was connected to the assurance of public safety and prevention of noise, the community was involved in the regulation of the density of alcohol outlets, the density of alcohol outlets was regulated, the prohibited distances were defined between alcohol outlets and places of worship, cemeteries, healthcare and education establishments or other institutions significant to the public, the issued licences were short-term, for the period of one year. Even though in the period of the ruling of Antanas Smetona in 1934 the alcohol outlet regulation was liberalized, eliminating the influence of residents and municipalities on the issuing of licences, alcohol outlet regulation still remained stricter than in the period of the Second Republic of Lithuania. In 2002, the social-democratic coalition, which had the majority in the government, strongly liberalized ...

Abstract
Despite the absence of the long-term tradition of inter-municipal cooperation in Lithuania, the country represents a compelling case of cooperative solutions which are mostly focused on public services delivery design imposed by the central government. The article provides theoretical and empirical insights on the inter-municipal cooperative capacities and their scope in the case of Lithuania, with reference to the size of the municipality. The results reveal that the large size municipalities are more likely to benefit from collaborative arrangements in comparison to small size municipalities which have less institutional ability for collaboration. In this respect, the external influences imposed by the central authorities' agenda on implementing economy of scale principles and strong municipal service delivery regulations is extremely important for understanding the municipal efforts for collaboration.

Lithuania is a parliamentary democracy and a decentralised unitary state. In 2018 on 16th of February country celebrated 100 years of the birth of modern Lithuania. In 1918 there was established an independent, modern state of people, which had to be ruled by democratically elected government. Since June 1940 country was occupied by the Soviet Union. Lithuania restored its independence on 11 March 1990. Nowadays Lithuania has the population of 2.8 million (2019) and the territory of 65 300 km2. Lithuania has got one tier local government system. It consists of 60 local authorities or municipalities. Lithuania has constitutional basics of local government, local government are regulated in the Law on Local Government, and European Charter of Local Government was signed in 1996 and ratified in 1999 without reservations. The chapter present brief historical development of local self-government in Lithuania, describes constitution, legal, administrative, financial and other local self-government issues, paying attention to such local self-government dimensions as responsibility, right to associate and protection. Also there are presented future challenges of the implementation of the European Charter of Local Self-Government in country.

Lithuania is a parliamentary democracy and a decentralised unitary state. In 2018 on 16th of February country celebrated 100 years of the birth of modern Lithuania. In 1918 there was established an independent, modern state of people, which had to be ruled by democratically elected government. Since June 1940 country was occupied by the Soviet Union. Lithuania restored its independence on 11 March 1990. Nowadays Lithuania has the population of 2.8 million (2019) and the territory of 65 300 km2. Lithuania has got one tier local government system. It consists of 60 local authorities or municipalities. Lithuania has constitutional basics of local government, local government are regulated in the Law on Local Government, and European Charter of Local Government was signed in 1996 and ratified in 1999 without reservations. The chapter present brief historical development of local self-government in Lithuania, describes constitution, legal, administrative, financial and other local self-government issues, paying attention to such local self-government dimensions as responsibility, right to associate and protection. Also there are presented future challenges of the implementation of the European Charter of Local Self-Government in country.

Lithuania is a parliamentary democracy and a decentralised unitary state. In 2018 on 16th of February country celebrated 100 years of the birth of modern Lithuania. In 1918 there was established an independent, modern state of people, which had to be ruled by democratically elected government. Since June 1940 country was occupied by the Soviet Union. Lithuania restored its independence on 11 March 1990. Nowadays Lithuania has the population of 2.8 million (2019) and the territory of 65 300 km2. Lithuania has got one tier local government system. It consists of 60 local authorities or municipalities. Lithuania has constitutional basics of local government, local government are regulated in the Law on Local Government, and European Charter of Local Government was signed in 1996 and ratified in 1999 without reservations. The chapter present brief historical development of local self-government in Lithuania, describes constitution, legal, administrative, financial and other local self-government issues, paying attention to such local self-government dimensions as responsibility, right to associate and protection. Also there are presented future challenges of the implementation of the European Charter of Local Self-Government in country.

Lithuania is a parliamentary democracy and a decentralised unitary state. In 2018 on 16th of February country celebrated 100 years of the birth of modern Lithuania. In 1918 there was established an independent, modern state of people, which had to be ruled by democratically elected government. Since June 1940 country was occupied by the Soviet Union. Lithuania restored its independence on 11 March 1990. Nowadays Lithuania has the population of 2.8 million (2019) and the territory of 65 300 km2. Lithuania has got one tier local government system. It consists of 60 local authorities or municipalities. Lithuania has constitutional basics of local government, local government are regulated in the Law on Local Government, and European Charter of Local Government was signed in 1996 and ratified in 1999 without reservations. The chapter present brief historical development of local self-government in Lithuania, describes constitution, legal, administrative, financial and other local self-government issues, paying attention to such local self-government dimensions as responsibility, right to associate and protection. Also there are presented future challenges of the implementation of the European Charter of Local Self-Government in country.

Lithuania is a parliamentary democracy and a decentralised unitary state. In 2018 on 16th of February country celebrated 100 years of the birth of modern Lithuania. In 1918 there was established an independent, modern state of people, which had to be ruled by democratically elected government. Since June 1940 country was occupied by the Soviet Union. Lithuania restored its independence on 11 March 1990. Nowadays Lithuania has the population of 2.8 million (2019) and the territory of 65 300 km2. Lithuania has got one tier local government system. It consists of 60 local authorities or municipalities. Lithuania has constitutional basics of local government, local government are regulated in the Law on Local Government, and European Charter of Local Government was signed in 1996 and ratified in 1999 without reservations. The chapter present brief historical development of local self-government in Lithuania, describes constitution, legal, administrative, financial and other local self-government issues, paying attention to such local self-government dimensions as responsibility, right to associate and protection. Also there are presented future challenges of the implementation of the European Charter of Local Self-Government in country.