Suchergebnisse

International audience ; Policies are key factors for sustainable provision of Ecosystem Services (ES) and Biodiversity conservation. Market Based Instrument (MBI), such as Payment for Environmental Services (PES) or ecolabelling, has been promoted to foster ES provision and many authors discussed the specific impact of the different instruments. However, MBI develop in a context where Non Market Based Instrument (NMBI), such as National Parks and land use regulation, exists but analysis of trade off and synergy among MBI and between MBI and NMBI instruments are poorly developed in the literature. Considering different MBI and NMBI as part of a policy mix for ES conservation and biodiversity conservation, we assess interactions between MBI and NMBI in rural territories in the case of Costa Rica. We first analyze the governance of the different instruments of Costa Rican policy mix for ES provision and biodiversity conservation, with a focus on decision making and implementing rules. We especially consider: the national program of payment for environmental services managed by the Fonafifo, the environmental benefit compensation program of the ministry of agriculture, the environmental friendly certification program of agricultural and timber products such as organic agriculture program or rainforest alliance label, the conservation areas and biologic corridor program as well as the national legislation on forest, agriculture and land use. Then, based on evidence the analysis of implementation of these instruments, we identify and assess the synergy between instruments. We finally discuss the economical and institutional factors that limits to possible synergy between instruments and their capacity to effectively affect land user decision.

International audience ; Policies are key factors for sustainable provision of Ecosystem Services (ES) and Biodiversity conservation. Market Based Instrument (MBI), such as Payment for Environmental Services (PES) or ecolabelling, has been promoted to foster ES provision and many authors discussed the specific impact of the different instruments. However, MBI develop in a context where Non Market Based Instrument (NMBI), such as National Parks and land use regulation, exists but analysis of trade off and synergy among MBI and between MBI and NMBI instruments are poorly developed in the literature. Considering different MBI and NMBI as part of a policy mix for ES conservation and biodiversity conservation, we assess interactions between MBI and NMBI in rural territories in the case of Costa Rica. We first analyze the governance of the different instruments of Costa Rican policy mix for ES provision and biodiversity conservation, with a focus on decision making and implementing rules. We especially consider: the national program of payment for environmental services managed by the Fonafifo, the environmental benefit compensation program of the ministry of agriculture, the environmental friendly certification program of agricultural and timber products such as organic agriculture program or rainforest alliance label, the conservation areas and biologic corridor program as well as the national legislation on forest, agriculture and land use. Then, based on evidence the analysis of implementation of these instruments, we identify and assess the synergy between instruments. We finally discuss the economical and institutional factors that limits to possible synergy between instruments and their capacity to effectively affect land user decision.

International audience ; Policies are key factors for sustainable provision of Ecosystem Services (ES) and Biodiversity conservation. Market Based Instrument (MBI), such as Payment for Environmental Services (PES) or ecolabelling, has been promoted to foster ES provision and many authors discussed the specific impact of the different instruments. However, MBI develop in a context where Non Market Based Instrument (NMBI), such as National Parks and land use regulation, exists but analysis of trade off and synergy among MBI and between MBI and NMBI instruments are poorly developed in the literature. Considering different MBI and NMBI as part of a policy mix for ES conservation and biodiversity conservation, we assess interactions between MBI and NMBI in rural territories in the case of Costa Rica. We first analyze the governance of the different instruments of Costa Rican policy mix for ES provision and biodiversity conservation, with a focus on decision making and implementing rules. We especially consider: the national program of payment for environmental services managed by the Fonafifo, the environmental benefit compensation program of the ministry of agriculture, the environmental friendly certification program of agricultural and timber products such as organic agriculture program or rainforest alliance label, the conservation areas and biologic corridor program as well as the national legislation on forest, agriculture and land use. Then, based on evidence the analysis of implementation of these instruments, we identify and assess the synergy between instruments. We finally discuss the economical and institutional factors that limits to possible synergy between instruments and their capacity to effectively affect land user decision.

International audience ; Policies are key factors for sustainable provision of Ecosystem Services (ES) and Biodiversity conservation. Market Based Instrument (MBI), such as Payment for Environmental Services (PES) or ecolabelling, has been promoted to foster ES provision and many authors discussed the specific impact of the different instruments. However, MBI develop in a context where Non Market Based Instrument (NMBI), such as National Parks and land use regulation, exists but analysis of trade off and synergy among MBI and between MBI and NMBI instruments are poorly developed in the literature. Considering different MBI and NMBI as part of a policy mix for ES conservation and biodiversity conservation, we assess interactions between MBI and NMBI in rural territories in the case of Costa Rica. We first analyze the governance of the different instruments of Costa Rican policy mix for ES provision and biodiversity conservation, with a focus on decision making and implementing rules. We especially consider: the national program of payment for environmental services managed by the Fonafifo, the environmental benefit compensation program of the ministry of agriculture, the environmental friendly certification program of agricultural and timber products such as organic agriculture program or rainforest alliance label, the conservation areas and biologic corridor program as well as the national legislation on forest, agriculture and land use. Then, based on evidence the analysis of implementation of these instruments, we identify and assess the synergy between instruments. We finally discuss the economical and institutional factors that limits to possible synergy between instruments and their capacity to effectively affect land user decision.

International audience ; Policies are key factors for sustainable provision of Ecosystem Services (ES) and Biodiversity conservation. Market Based Instrument (MBI), such as Payment for Environmental Services (PES) or ecolabelling, has been promoted to foster ES provision and many authors discussed the specific impact of the different instruments. However, MBI develop in a context where Non Market Based Instrument (NMBI), such as National Parks and land use regulation, exists but analysis of trade off and synergy among MBI and between MBI and NMBI instruments are poorly developed in the literature. Considering different MBI and NMBI as part of a policy mix for ES conservation and biodiversity conservation, we assess interactions between MBI and NMBI in rural territories in the case of Costa Rica. We first analyze the governance of the different instruments of Costa Rican policy mix for ES provision and biodiversity conservation, with a focus on decision making and implementing rules. We especially consider: the national program of payment for environmental services managed by the Fonafifo, the environmental benefit compensation program of the ministry of agriculture, the environmental friendly certification program of agricultural and timber products such as organic agriculture program or rainforest alliance label, the conservation areas and biologic corridor program as well as the national legislation on forest, agriculture and land use. Then, based on evidence the analysis of implementation of these instruments, we identify and assess the synergy between instruments. We finally discuss the economical and institutional factors that limits to possible synergy between instruments and their capacity to effectively affect land user decision.

The notion of ecosystem services (ES) has been rising during the last decade. It has led to new generation of mechanisms to cope with environmental issue in various countries. Costa Rica was pioneer in operationalize the concept though a specific policy instrument: the Payment for Environmental Services program (PESP). Based on literature review and interviews of stakeholders, we analyse the policy process that have led to the emergence of the PSEP. We combine (i) the sequential approach of policy cycle to identify and describe the different phase of the emergence of Costa Rica PESP from the problem setting phase to the decision phase institutionalizing the program through the Costa Rican forestry law of 1996, and (ii) cognitive approach of policy process analysis to identify the internal and external factors that have led to the emergence of this program. We show that, in the case of Costa Rican PESP, the policy steps were rapids from the agenda setting to the decision due to external constraints and internal compromises between leading actors in a context of dominance of one group of interest. The emergence was facilitated by an early problem setting on deforestation and the existence of forestry incentive instruments as well as a consolidation of forestry organisations and institutions. The governance of the program reflected the existing balance of power between interest groups of different sectors (forestry, agricultural, conservation) involved in forest areas management. (Texte intégral)

The objective of the mission is to discuss and refine the objective and activities of the Cirad-Ciepac team support proposal to component 2 of FSP project, provide initial methodological support to coordination team for on-going inventory of Cambodian FO's, prepare the first mission (planned in September 2005).

The main purpose of this work is to understand, in an actor oriented perspective, the context in which climate policy are formulated in a country, Colombia. Using agenda setting and travelling model perspectives, we analyzed the role of actors at international and national level on the rise of climate issue and the shape of climate policies. Results showed that the rise of climate issue in Colombia is, from one side, the product of external and internal factors and on the other side, the product of translation chains from several actors on how to see the problem and how to address it. External factors initiated the reflection of CC (international commitments, international actors' translations) but this is an internal factor (Niña phenomenon) that allow a real appropriation of the topic by government members. Government members used traveling model translations as a power issue; the DNP representing at climate change adaptation versus the UNGRD representing at disaster risk management. At the end of the translation chains, government members re-appropriate international consultants' version (of the issue and solution) into an economical perspective; adaptation to climate change as an economical opportunity or as a way to avoid economical loss.

In the realm of global governance, fragmentation is a recognized and recurrent feature and the multiple causalities underlying global governance issues along with their often cross-sectoral and cross-scale dynamics constitute major driving forces for fragmented governance. The article aims to identify the interactions between the elements of two regime complexes: climate and biodiversity. We argue that despite the different structuration and history of climate and biodiversity regime complexes, the notion of Ecosystem services, in developing specific policy instruments such as payments for environmental services, contributes to the synergy of these two complexes regimes. Indeed, ES concept has been an "integrative" and "bridging" concept that facilitated the creation of linkages between climate and biodiversity regimes complexes. First, the diffusion of the ecosystem services concept has been possible though bringing organizations involved in both regimes complexes. Second, the market based instruments for ecosystem services and biodiversity, especially payment for environmental services has been the operational setting that enables to create at national and/or local scales the operational synergies between both issues and regimes. Payment for environmental services can achieve jointly biodiversity conservation and some mitigation and adaptation objective.

In the realm of global governance, fragmentation is a recognized and recurrent feature and the multiple causalities underlying global governance issues along with their often cross-sectoral and cross-scale dynamics constitute major driving forces for fragmented governance. The article aims to identify the interactions between the elements of two regime complexes: climate and biodiversity. We argue that despite the different structuration and history of climate and biodiversity regime complexes, the notion of Ecosystem services, in developing specific policy instruments such as payments for environmental services, contributes to the synergy of these two complexes regimes. Indeed, ES concept has been an "integrative" and "bridging" concept that facilitated the creation of linkages between climate and biodiversity regimes complexes. First, the diffusion of the ecosystem services concept has been possible though bringing organizations involved in both regimes complexes. Second, the market based instruments for ecosystem services and biodiversity, especially payment for environmental services has been the operational setting that enables to create at national and/or local scales the operational synergies between both issues and regimes. Payment for environmental services can achieve jointly biodiversity conservation and some mitigation and adaptation objective.

L'atelier intermédiaire du projet Artimix s'est déroulé du 22 au 24 janvier 2019, au CIAT à Cali, Colombie en présence de 14 chercheurs impliqués dans la mise en oeuvre des différentes tâches du projet. Cet atelier visait faire un état des lieux des recherches réalisées au cours de la première année du projet, préparer les produits collectifs (synthèse des livrables WP1), de préciser la méthodologie pour les travaux du WP2 et WP3, et de faire le point sur les projets de publication et d'actualiser la stratégie de partenariat et de communication du projet.

Dans sa troisième communication nationale, la Colombie fait état de scénarios de changements climatiques qui prévoient une augmentation de la température moyenne du pays entre 0,9 oC, et 2,14 oC et une diminution des précipitations entre 10% et 40% dans un tiers du pays. Ces changements pourraient avoir des effets sur la récurrence des phénomènes climatiques extrêmes, et in fine sur la productivité agricole. Face à ces défis, le gouvernement colombien a mis en place des cadres de politiques (lois, plans…) en lien avec l'atténuation et l'adaptation au changement climatique (CC) et a pris des engagements internationaux. Dans ce contexte, nous cherchons à comprendre le processus d'élaboration des politiques d'adaptation au CC en Colombie pour le secteur agricole. Nous cherchons à répondre aux questions suivantes: (1) Quelles sont les dynamiques d'insertion du CC dans l'agenda politique ?; (2) Quels acteurs ont participé à ce processus et quelles politiques et instruments ont été créés, modifiés et combinés pour créer un " policy mix " spécifique à la Colombie ? et (3) Quelle utilisation et traduction des concepts liés à l'adaptation ont été mobilisées et comment ont-ils été traduits en politiques et en instruments politiques ? Pour traiter ces questions, plusieurs cadres analytiques ont été mobilisés. La perspective de mise à l'agenda permet d'identifier les facteurs qui ont facilité l'émergence des politiques climatiques en Colombie. Une cartographie d'acteurs et des politiques ont été réalisés afin de rendre compte du policy mix autour de la question climatique. Finalement, à partir des documents et instruments identifiés lors de la cartographie des politiques, une analyse est faite de l'intégration et de la traduction des concepts liés à l'adaptation au changement climatique. Trois époques clés ont permis la mise à l'agenda de la question climatique en Colombie. La première se caractérise par l'émergence de la question environnementale. La seconde est marquée par le développement de politique orientée vers ...

Small-scale family agriculture has been encouraged for several years by international institutions as an answer to global issues (food security and climate change), especially in Southern countries where this type of agriculture still prevails. One group of key actors is still poorly analyzed in agricultural studies: the young farmers. Yet they are potential innovators, they insure the generational renewal and thus maintain family agriculture. This paper studies the settling process of young farmers in two communities in Costa Rica resulting from land reforms. We show an important social change with the development of part-time farming activity. Three types of settling are identified: the taking over, the resumption and the creation of a new farm. Whereas resumption and creation trigger changes in the farm and in agriculture, taking over, the most common case, does not give rise to change. Territory characteristics, different capital endowment and the relationship to the former farm owner, who is often the father, can explain these different types of settlings. Our analysis highlights the necessity to consider the diversity of settling processes to promote adapted policy aiming at facilitating the generational renewal in family agriculture. Résumé Depuis quelques années, la petite agriculture familiale est mise sur le devant de la scène par les institutions internationales et présentée comme étant susceptible de répondre aux enjeux globaux (sécurité alimentaire et changement climatique), et ce, notamment, dans les pays du Sud où ce type d'agriculture reste majoritaire. Un groupe d'acteurs clés est toutefois oublié des études agricoles : les jeunes agriculteurs, qui sont pourtant de potentiels innovateurs et qui assurent le relais entre les générations et le maintien de ces agricultures. Cet article étudie les processus d'installation des jeunes agriculteurs familiaux au Costa Rica, dans deux communautés issues de réformes agraires. Nous montrons qu'un important changement social est à l'œuvre avec la montée du travail à temps partiel dans l'activité agricole. Nous mettons en évidence l'existence de trois types d'installation distincts que nous qualifions de relève, reprise et création. Alors que la reprise et la création génèrent des changements dans l'exploitation et dans l'activité agricole, la relève, plus fréquente, n'entraîne aucun changement significatif. Les facteurs explicatifs sont à chercher du côté de logiques territoriales, de dotation en capitaux différenciés et de la relation avec l'ancien chef d'exploitation qui est souvent le père. Notre analyse souligne l'importance de la prise en compte de la diversité des formes d'installation pour promouvoir des politiques adaptées facilitant le renouvellement générationnel dans l'agriculture familiale dans les pays du Sud. ; Peer Review

Depuis quelques années, la petite agriculture familiale est mise sur le devant de la scène par les institutions internationales et présentée comme étant susceptible de répondre aux enjeux globaux (sécurité alimentaire et changement climatique), et ce, notamment, dans les pays du Sud où ce type d'agriculture reste majoritaire. Un groupe d'acteurs clés est toutefois oublié des études agricoles : les jeunes agriculteurs, qui sont pourtant de potentiels innovateurs et qui assurent le relais entre les générations et le maintien de ces agricultures. Cet article étudie les processus d'installation des jeunes agriculteurs familiaux au Costa Rica, dans deux communautés issues de réformes agraires. Nous montrons qu'un important changement social est à l'oeuvre avec la montée du travail à temps partiel dans l'activité agricole. Nous mettons en évidence l'existence de trois types d'installation distincts que nous qualifions de relève, reprise et création. Alors que la reprise et la création génèrent des changements dans l'exploitation et dans l'activité agricole, la relève, plus fréquente, n'entraîne aucun changement significatif. Les facteurs explicatifs sont à chercher du côté de logiques territoriales, de dotation en capitaux différenciés et de la relation avec l'ancien chef d'exploitation qui est souvent le père. Notre analyse souligne l'importance de la prise en compte de la diversité des formes d'installation pour promouvoir des politiques adaptées facilitant le renouvellement générationnel dans l'agriculture familiale dans les pays du Sud.