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Frontmatter -- Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- 1. Social Relativism as the Japanese Ethos: A Postulate -- 2. Belongingness -- 3. Empathy -- 4. Dependency -- 5. Occupying the Proper Place -- 6. Reciprocity -- 7. The Three Domains of Situational Interaction -- 8. Early Socialization -- 9. Selfhood -- 10. Organized Delinquency: Yakuza as a Cultural Example -- 11. Suicide -- 12. Culturally Based Moral Rehabilitation: The Naikan Method -- 13. Shinkeishitsu and Morita Therapy -- 14. Spirit Possession: The "Salvation Cult" -- 15. Conclusion -- Appendix -- Bibliography -- Index -- About the Author

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Preface -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Premarital Constraints and Options -- 3. Marital Transition -- 4. Postmarital Involvement -- 5. Motherhood -- 6. Occupational Careers -- 7. Later Years -- 8. Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Glossary -- Index

Reciprocity is defined as a subset of exchange characterized by inseparability of the objects exchanged from the partners in interaction. Sahlins' model of reciprocity, which equates kinship proximity, solidarity, and generosity, is brought into question. A solution to problems inherent in this model is sought in an elaboration of sociability into intimacy and courtesy conveying different social values, and in taking into consideration both the positive and negative manifestations of sociability. The exchange aspect of reciprocity is characterized by two strains—one toward symmetry, and one toward asymmetry—operating simultaneously, alternately, in different cycles, or at different levels of communication. Asymmetric strain is accounted for by the convertibility of exchange objects and complementarity between partners. The dyadic reciprocity is extended to a triad which either reinforces or suppresses reciprocal expectations. Seven types of triadization are recognized: circular transference, lineal transference, unstructured transference, triadic sanction, brokerage, competition, and transitivity.

The twofold theoretical assumption is developed that accumulation of social debt or credit in reciprocal transaction generates moral sanctions; and that guilt and indignation, thus generated, comprise resources which can be mobilized under charismatic intervention to bring about a sense of salvation. Four types of manipulation of these sanctions are identified: reciprocation, reversal, neutralization, and moralization. Empirical illustration is drawn from a study of a messianic sect, of Japanese origin, in Hawaii.