Suchergebnisse

South Korea is one of the few East Asian countries in which candidate gender quotas are legislated for all levels of government. However, the implementation of quotas has been only partially successful as political parties do not comply with quota laws in the majoritarian tier of the country's mixed-member electoral system. To explain this non-compliance, this article examines how Korea's party organizations and candidate selection practices have subverted quota implementation. More specifically, we employ Rahat and Hazan's framework that disaggregates candidate selection processes into four areas-the selectorate, candidacy, centralization, and voting vs. appointment-and examine how two major Korean parties have chosen their candidates in the last three elections. By doing so, we demonstrate that in Korea's under-institutionalized parties, where party organizations have been overshadowed by individual personalities, implementation of quotas can easily be subordinated to the clientelistic incentives of party leaders. While the parties' centralized and exclusionary candidate selection procedures give party leaders a great deal of latitude to implement quotas, a better gender balance in the set of candidates is rarely a top priority for leaders in parties where personalism prevails. We argue that this explains why the quotas in Korea have been ineffective. (Pac Aff/GIGA)

Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Editors -- Abbreviations -- Overview -- Urbanization and the Need for Space -- Functional Cities, Vibrant Places -- Public Spaces: Liabilities or Assets? -- Attributes of Successful Public Spaces: A Framework -- Actors and Stakeholders -- Planning Process and Data -- Strategy and Approach -- Financing and Funding -- Management and Governance -- Strategies for Unlocking the Value of Public-Space Assets -- Notes -- References -- PART I: PLANNING, FUNDING, AND MANAGING PUBLIC SPACES: AN ASSET MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK -- Chapter 1: The Importance of Investing in Public Spaces -- Introduction -- The Global Agenda for Public Spaces -- Emerging Issues and Challenges for Cities -- The Evolving Role of Public Spaces in Cities -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2: Defining Public Spaces -- Framing Public Spaces and "Publicness": Owners, Managers, and Users -- Physical Public-Space Assets: Streets, Open and Green Areas, and Public Facilities -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3: An Asset Management Approach to Planning, Funding, and Managing Public Spaces -- Introduction -- A Framework for Placing Public Spaces within an Asset Management Context -- Applying the Asset Management Framework to Publicly Owned Public Spaces -- Applying the Asset Management Plan to Privately Owned Public Spaces (POPS) -- Conclusions: What Can Be Learned? -- Notes -- References -- PART II: SHAPING THE PUBLIC REALM: DATA AND SPATIAL ANALYTICS -- Chapter 4: Evidence-based Planning and Design -- Public Spaces as Citywide Networks -- Innovations in Measuring the Public Realm -- Comparative Analysis and Case Studies -- Key Takeaways -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 5: Analyzing Spatial Patterns of Public Spaces in Cities through Remote Sensing -- Overview -- Spatial Assessment.

In every city, the urban spaces that form the public realm—ranging from city streets, neighborhood squares, and parks to public facilities such as libraries and markets—account for about one-third of the city's total land area, on average. Despite this significance, the potential for these public-space assets—typically owned and managed by local governments—to transform urban life and city functioning is often overlooked for many reasons: other pressing city priorities arising from rapid urbanization, poor urban planning, and financial constraints. The resulting degradation of public spaces into congested, vehicle-centric, and polluted places often becomes a liability, creating a downward spiral that leads to a continuous drain on public resources and exacerbating various city problems. In contrast, the cities that invest in the creation of human-centered, environmentally sustainable, economically vibrant, and socially inclusive places—in partnership with government entities, communities, and other private stakeholders—perform better. They implement smart and sustainable strategies across their public space asset life cycles to yield returns on investment far exceeding monetary costs, ultimately enhancing city livability, resilience, and competitiveness. The Hidden Wealth of Cities: Creating, Financing, and Managing Public Spaces discusses the complexities that surround the creation and management of successful public spaces and draws on the analyses and experiences from city case studies from around the globe. This book identifies—through the lens of asset management—a rich palette of creative and innovative strategies that every city can undertake to plan, finance, and manage both government-owned and privately owned public spaces.

Abstract
This study examines the moderating effects of distant leader's practice of transformational leadership on the relationship between secondary traumatic stress (STS) and burnout among child welfare workers. Caseworkers and supervisors in a Midwest U.S. state (N = 210) rated their regional director's use of transformational leadership skills using a survey. Given the nature of the clustered data, multilevel modeling was employed to examine the main effects of transformational leadership on worker burnout and its cross-level interaction effect on the association between worker STS and burnout. Multilevel modeling demonstrated that worker burnout was positively associated with STS and negatively associated with organizational-level transformational leadership. The cross-level interaction between transformational leadership and STS was significant. Specifically, the positive association between workers' STS and burnout decreased as transformational leadership increased. These findings suggest that organizational approaches such as transformational leadership can influence workforce results. Further research will guide child welfare policymakers to develop more sophisticated training programs in leadership skills and strategies.