Suchergebnisse

In their transaction with retailers, suppliers tend to earn less as the share of purchases under special contract grows. This is due not only to the high sales fees (commission) and frequent unfair practices but also, more fundamentally, to the blatant imbalance in bargaining power. When investigating into unfair trade practices in the retail sector, the government should pay closer attention to how such violations are tied to the type of transaction. It should also work to enhance the negotiation power of suppliers by, for example, diversifying retail channels and strengthening suppliers' rights to adjust payments. Indeed, ensuring equal bargaining power can contribute to expanding direct purchases and fairness in retail transactions.

Korea's franchise market is wavering. Amid the heavy concentration of food service businesses and the high number of inexperienced franchisors, franchisees have had little opportunity to grow. Moreover, the terms and conditions of franchise agreements have become a source of contention due to their contradicting impact on the performances of franchisors and franchisees. Accordingly, government efforts are needed to overhaul information disclosure documents so that they accurately reflect the information and data on, for example, the franchisor's experience and background, and the franchise store's average sales figures, etc. At the same time, the fixed-percentage royalty should be promoted through discussions with respective industries and guidelines established for essential items. Actions must include exploring temporary measures to strengthen the qualifications for franchise businesses, particularly in sectors that show a high concentration of certain businesses.

The rise of the market for private-label brands (PB) has elevated the profits of corporate retailers but has not significantly affected, or in some cases reduced, those of subcontracting manufacturers. This is not only due to the significant cannibalization effect on national brands (NB) caused by the release of similar PBs, but also because the imbalance in the bargaining positions of retailers and manufacturers has caused operating profits to be set low while retail margins are set high. Accordingly, the time has come to prioritize the establishment of a fair trade order to promote the balanced development of the PB business. Violations of the ban on requesting management information on manufacturers must be closely examined and stronger punishment and penalties are needed for violations against the Act on Fair Transactions in Large Franchise and Retail Business. Additionally, manufacturers need to actively utilize government programs designed to support sales channels and to seek ways to advance into overseas markets. - Private brands (PB) have exhibited a remarkable expansion based on product diversity and quality enhancement. - This study analyzes the effect of increased PB sales on the growth of the retail and manufacturing industries and suggests policy directions for shared growth and fair market order. - The PB market grew significantly from 3.6 trillion won in 2008 to 9.3 trillion won in 2013. - Large discount stores gave rise to the PB market but convenience stores are currently leading the sales growth. - Domestic retailers' share of PB sales has grown to a similar level as global leaders and there is potential for future growth. - The recent growth of general retail has been heavily dependent on the growth of corporate retailers. - The increase in corporate retailers' sales points to an increase in purchasing power. - The increase in buyers' power resulting from market concentration in general retail is a prerequisite to the release of PBs. - The intensifying competition between retailers increases economic incentives to produce PBs. - PBs are a profit-maximizing strategy created within the structure changes prompted by corporate retailer-centered market concentration and the intensifying competition between them. - An increase in the PB sales share increases both sales and operating profit of retailer stores. - 1,000 manufacturing suppliers to corporate retailers were interviewed and the economic effects of expanding the supply of PBs were analyzed. - Large firms experienced a drop in total sales due to the cannibalization effect of their own products as the share of PB sales increased. - Micro businesses experienced a weaker cannibalization effect, and PB supply helped them to secure sales channels and increase the capacity utilization rate, which increased sales. - No significant increases in operating profit were observed in micro businesses. - In supplying PBs, SMEs and micro businesses have a smaller operating profit ratio and larger retail margin ratio than in supplying NBs. - The unfavorable profit sharing structure for SMEs and micro businesses is possibly incurred by the imbalance in bargaining position. - Of 309 PB suppliers, 30 firms (9.7%) experienced unfair trade requests from retailers, and the most common is cutting the supply price (20 firms, 34%). - The Fair Trade Commission should closely examine any violations of the ban on requesting information on production costs. And heavier punishment should be imposed on any violations of the Act on Fair Transactions in Large Franchise and Retail Business. - SME manufacturers need to step beyond the narrow domestic market into larger PB markets abroad by actively utilizing government's support programs.

China's rural consumer market has exhibited extraordinary growth. Over the past decade, the consumption growth rate and average propensity to consume of rural residents have surpassed those of their urban counterparts, with the former's consumption patterns becoming increasingly similar to the latter's. Such a phenomenon prevails in rural areas that neighbor 2nd and 3rd tier cities whose urbanization is progressing rapidly. Accordingly, Korean companies must diversify their products in line with China's expanding rural markets while further differentiating product composition to satisfy the heterogeneous demands in urban markets. As for the government, efforts must be placed in strengthening the export cooperative system targeting China between domestic manufacturers, distributors (operating in China) and logistics companies. - This study aims to analyze the growth of and changes in China's consumer market to gain a better understanding and to discuss the future direction of governmental and corporate responses - China's consumer market started to grow in full swing in the mid-1990s and exhibited continued explosive growth since the mid-2000s. - China's consumer market grew to the world's second largest in 2013 with a market scale of $3.4 trillion. - Over the past three decades, the nominal consumption expenditure of urban and rural residents has expanded over 20 fold. - Overall, the consumption growth of rural residents have surpassed that of urban residents since 2004. - The APC of rural residents exceeded that of urban residents in 2005. - When limited to cashonly consumption, rural residents' APC has improved continuously. - Consumption growth rate by item is found to be higher in rural residents than in urban residents. - China's rural areas today are also experiencing servitization in line with the increases in income and consumption. - Consumer markets in the 2nd and 3rd tiers have spurred the consumption growth in rural areas. - Urban areas are showing slower growth due to the reduced consumption by residents in 1st tier cities. - Consumption growth in urban 2nd and 3rd tiers has been steadily maintained at a relatively high 11%. - Urbanization rate has risen fast mainly in prefecture-level cities in 2nd and 3rd tiers, and there is enough room for additional increase. - A 1%p rise in the urbanization rate equals an increase of 93 yuan in the annual average per capita consumption and 123.6 billion yuan in China's total consumption. - Urbanization which results in the rise in consumption goes beyond urban areas to reach neighboring rural areas. - The contribution of urbanization to the rise in consumption is confirmed in all estimated results. - Domestic consumer goods manufactures need to be actively encouraged to enter China's rural markets with diverse products. - Product composition targeting urban consumer markets must be differentiated, relying on the collaboration between Korean distributors in China and domestic consumer goods manufacturers. - The Korean government should strengthen the cooperative export system targeting China between Korean distribution companies operating in China and domestic consumer goods companies as well as the logistics companies that link them.

AuszugEine wachsende Zahl von Ländern entwickelt oder reformiert die Renten‐ und Gesundheitspolitik angesichts der Alterung der Bevölkerung, um die Wohlfahrt der Bürger zu fördern. Das unterschiedliche Vorgehen in den verschiedenen Ländern führte zu einer Reihe von natürlichen Experimenten. Dies ist eine ungewöhnliche Gelegenheit, die Auswirkungen dieser verschiedenen Maßnahmen auf Gesundheit und Renten, das Verhalten von Individuen und Familien und die Wohlfahrt zu untersuchen. Diese Gelegenheit wahrzunehmen, ist nur mit einer harmonisierten Datensammlung möglich. Eine wachsende Zahl von Ländern hat sich bereit erklärt, harmonisierte Daten im Rahmen einer Studie über Gesundheit und Renten in den Vereinigten Staaten zur Verfügung zu stellen. Der vorliegende Beitrag analysiert dieses Datenmaterial, einschließlich der zentralen Parameter, die Rente und Gesundheitszustand, Forschungsansätze, Stichproben und Rücklaufquoten bestimmen. Er erörtert auch die Möglichkeiten, die diese Daten für länderübergreifende Studien bieten, sowie deren Bedeutung für Evaluierung und Entwicklung politischer Ansätze.

ResumenCada vez más países formulan nuevas políticas de pensión y de atención médica, o reforman las existentes, en respuesta al envejecimiento de la población y para mejorar el bienestar de sus ciudadanos. La aplicación de políticas diferentes por los distintos países ha dado lugar a varios experimentos naturales, los cuales brindan oportunidades poco comunes de estudiar los efectos que tienen diversas políticas en la salud y la jubilación, el comportamiento de la persona y la familia, y el bienestar. Para aprovechar esas oportunidades, es preciso armonizar las actividades de reunión de datos. Un número cada vez mayor de países han convenido en proporcionar datos armonizados con el Estudio sobre salud y jubilación (Health and Retirement Study, HRS) de los Estados Unidos. En el presente artículo se analizan esos conjuntos de datos, en particular sus principales parámetros relativos a la situación en términos de jubilación y salud, la estructuración de la investigación, las muestras y las tasas de respuesta. También se examinan las oportunidades que ofrecen para la realización de estudios internacionales y sus consecuencias para la evaluación y formulación de políticas.