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Unlike ordinary street crime, there are two formal systems of controlling white-collar crime. These systems are the criminal justice system and the regulatory system. The criminal justice system controls white-collar crime by using criminal law whereas the regulatory system depends mainly on administrative law and uses various ways such as financial penalties, product recalls, and warnings to control white-collar crime. In this paper two formal justice systems of white collar crime have been discussed. Although the criminal justice system, which is the traditional means to control white-collar crime, can be a strong way to control white-collar crime, it has some limitations. That is, the criminal justice system is difficult to apply to the corporate world and it is the reactive response against white collar crime. In contrast, although the regulatory system is the weak way to control white-collar crime, it has some strength. That is, the regulatory system is a proactive response against white collar crime and it can apply to the corporate as well as natural persons. The characteristics of the regulatory system make it better equipped to situational crime prevention theory compared to the criminal justice system.

The concept of financial crime changes constantly as social contexts and technical aspects surrounding financial transactions advance. This paper aims at understanding contemporary financial crime with consideration on various factors associated with it. Firstly, financial crime is classified with definition, components, and typology. Secondly, related crime types, extent of financial crime, and its victim are suggested in a way that comprehends the scale of it. Lastly, to better capture the concept of financial crime in relational terms, its facilitating factors and relationships with other crimes are explained. This paper demonstrates that contemporary financial crime develops in a complicating manner as a reflection of its environmental changes.

Regulation of the private security industry in Mongolia is relatively recent with the first specific legislation dating back to 2000. In 2000, the State Great Hural(Parliament of Mongolia) passed the Law on Contracted Private Security Service and has been revised twice, by which 'modern' private security was legally born. The aim of this study is to compare and evaluate the regulation of private security in the Mongolia, Belgium and the United Kingdom. In particular, this study illustrates the differences which exist in the level of regulation governing the operation of the industry in these countries in four areas such as areas covered private security companies, entrance requirement for companies, restriction on the background of owner/management, restriction on the background of employee, training/education. The comparative study of the three countries shows an imperative need to make further amendments to the Law on Contracted Private Security Service. According to the findings, this study proposes the direction for constructive amendments to strengthen the Law on Contracted Private Security Service.

Regulation of the private security industry in Mongolia is relatively recent with the first specific legislation dating back to 2000. In 2000, the State Great Hural(Parliament of Mongolia) passed the Law on Contracted Private Security Service and has been revised twice, by which 'modern' private security was legally born. The aim of this study is to compare and evaluate the regulation of private security in the Mongolia, Belgium and the United Kingdom. In particular, this study illustrates the differences which exist in the level of regulation governing the operation of the industry in these countries in four areas such as areas covered private security companies, entrance requirement for companies, restriction on the background of owner/management, restriction on the background of employee, training/education. The comparative study of the three countries shows an imperative need to make further amendments to the Law on Contracted Private Security Service. According to the findings, this study proposes the direction for constructive amendments to strengthen the Law on Contracted Private Security Service.

This paper explores the serious issue of a low public confidence in South Korea's police authority. A low public confidence hinders legitimate law-enforcement activities and weakens the organizational capacity for the maintenance of security. Through a cross-national analysis, this paper reveals an exceptionally low level of public confidence regarding South Korea's police authority and the problematic nature of the public's legal cynicism; furthermore, it is suggested that these factors contribute to the citizens' overall lack of compliance with regulations. Since the country's transition to democracy, South Korea's police authority has implemented different reformative measures and has strived to earn the public's confidence; however, despite this effort, its goal has not been fully accomplished. This paper examines the recent police-governance reform of England and Wales as a reference point and explores the applicable policies.

This paper explores the serious issue of a low public confidence in South Korea's police authority. A low public confidence hinders legitimate law-enforcement activities and weakens the organizational capacity for the maintenance of security. Through a cross-national analysis, this paper reveals an exceptionally low level of public confidence regarding South Korea's police authority and the problematic nature of the public's legal cynicism; furthermore, it is suggested that these factors contribute to the citizens' overall lack of compliance with regulations. Since the country's transition to democracy, South Korea's police authority has implemented different reformative measures and has strived to earn the public's confidence; however, despite this effort, its goal has not been fully accomplished. This paper examines the recent police-governance reform of England and Wales as a reference point and explores the applicable policies.

Terror attacks have been typically performed by group members, which implies that perpetrators were not independent actors, but acted violently as being part of a larger group. In addition, the execution of terrorist attacks is not only facilitated by macro-level factors but also as the tools to increase payoffs, survival, and maintenance at the group level. As links between disgruntled individuals and society, organizational behavior elements are something that needs to be examined. In this paper, several organizational behavior theories to compare were applied and contrast between terrorist groups and normal organizations under the categories of mobilizations, decision-making, and leadership.

Since the 1990s, when Mongolia has transited to democracy and market economy, which began to reform all parts of society, corruption has become a serious issue. Though corruption does not trigger a fear like violent crimes, it is a very dangerous phenomenon that spreads all sectors of society in a hidden way, and there is no particular victim of corruption, but the society.Nowadays, the main obstacle to socio-economic growth in developing countries is corruption. Therefore, it is essential to know the nature, causes, characteristics, and structures of corruption in order to develop and implement an effective anti-corruption program.There is a need to fight against political and high-level corruption in Mongolia, as a country developing nation's economy based on the mining sector. This article looks at the corruption situation in Mongolia, its factors, causes and methods, the results of surveys on anti-corruption activities in Mongolia, and the nation's experience in fighting corruption.The article compares, summarizes and analyses studies the reports conducted by the Independent Authority Against Corruption of Mongolia, a nationwide survey on Perceptions and Knowledge of Corruption in Mongolia 2017, and other works of research institutions, and analysts.Corruption as a pressing issue of Mongolian society remains a cause for concern at both the administrative and elite levels paralyzing Mongolian decision making. The enforcement of anti-corruption policies is itself marred by corrupt practices and threats of mutual exposure.There is an increasing need to educate the public and to propagate the view of zero-tolerance for corruption and bribery throughout the society. Also it is essential to increase transparency in political activities, and the willingness of politicians in fighting against corruption.