Suchergebnisse

Using a combination of Jodie Matthews' concepts of "The Gypsy Woman" as a product of successive trans-historical encounters (actual, literary, or visual) between Gypsy subject and non-Gypsy audience, formal Archival sources in the Scott MacFie Gypsy Collection at the University of Liverpool, Foucaultian archives of subjugated knowledges, and Miranda Fricker's approaches to epistemic injustices, this article examines the life-narrative of a Romani woman, Esmeralda Lock, and her changing relationship with her Gypsilorist interlocutors over 70 years of her life. Following the example of Laura Ann Stoler, "factual stories" in Esmeralda's life that re-affirm Gypsilorist fictions are also examined. Esmeralda was unique in that she was literate, and hence able to leave a small but important trail of correspondence spanning 62 years (including a hitherto unknown sketch and commentary) enabling a challenge to Gypsilorist (mis)representations of her life. Her correspondence also allows her changing epistemic value of Gypsilorists to be traced. Further analyses of epistemic injustices may offer new dimensions to understanding and explaining not just the construction of subordinating discourses, but also the mechanisms of Romani epistemic suppression.

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The COVID-19 pandemic and its associated vaccine have highlighted vaccine hesitancy among healthcare workers (HCWs). Vaccine hesitancy among this group existed prior to the pandemic and particularly centered around influenza vaccination. Being a physician, having more advanced education, and previous vaccination habits are frequently associated with vaccine acceptance. The relationship between age and caring for patients on COVID-19 vaccination is unclear, with studies providing opposing results. Reasons for hesitancy include concerns about safety and efficacy, mistrust of government and institutions, waiting for more data, and feeling that personal rights are being infringed upon. Many of these reasons reflect previous attitudes about influenza vaccination as well as political beliefs and views of personal autonomy. Finally, several interventions to encourage vaccination have been studied, including education programs and non-monetary incentives with the most effective studies using a combination of methods.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Original Title Page -- Original Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Tables and Figures -- Contributors -- Dedication -- Preface -- 1. Promises, Patients and Politics: The Conflicts of the NHS -- 2. Medical Autonomy: Challenge and Response -- 3. Access and Efficiency in Medical Care: A Consideration of Accident and Emergency Services -- 4. Patients: Receivers or Participants? -- 5. Power, Patients and Pluralism -- 6. Participation or Control? The Workers' Involvement in Management -- 7. Health Administration and the Jaundice of Reorganisation -- 8. Making Reorganisation Work: Challenges and Dilemmas in the Development of Community Medicine -- 9. Planning, Uncertainty and Judgement: The Case of Population -- 10. Public Expenditure, Planning and Local Democracy -- Bibliography -- Index.

In Sub-Saharan Africa, 600 million people live without electricity. Despite the ambitions of governments and donors to invest in rural electrification, decisions about how to extend electricity access are being made in the absence of rigorous evidence. This dissertation combines four papers that address various aspects of the economics of rural electrification in Western Kenya.Chapter 1, which is based on joint work with Eric Brewer, Carson Christiano, Francis Meyo, Edward Miguel, Matthew Podolsky, Javier Rosa, and Catherine Wolfram, presents high-resolution spatial data on electrification rates in rural Kenya in order to quantify and visualize energy poverty in a novel way. Using a dataset of 20,000 geo-tagged structures in Western Kenya, the chapter provides descriptive evidence that electrification rates remain very low despite significant investments in nearby grid infrastructure. The implication is that a substantial portion of the 600 million people without electricity may be "under grid" (as opposed to "off grid"), meaning that they are close enough to connect to a low-voltage line at a relatively low cost. This distinction is important because the policy implications for off grid and under grid communities are different. In under grid communities, it may be preferable to support policies that leverage existing infrastructure with the goal of increasing "last-mile" grid connectivity.There are active debates about whether increases in energy access should be driven by investments in electric grid infrastructure or small-scale "home solar" systems (e.g., solar lanterns and solar home systems). Chapter 2, which is based on joint work with Edward Miguel and Catherine Wolfram, summarizes the results of a household electrical appliance survey and describes how households in rural Kenya differ in terms of appliance ownership and aspirations. The data suggest that home solar is not a substitute for grid power. Furthermore, the environmental advantages of home solar are likely to be relatively small in countries like Kenya, where grid power is primarily derived from non-fossil fuel sources.Chapter 3, which is based on joint work with Edward Miguel and Catherine Wolfram, presents results from a field experiment that randomized the expansion of electric grid infrastructure to under grid households in rural Kenya. Electricity distribution is the canonical example of a natural monopoly. Randomized price offers show that demand for electricity connections falls sharply with price. Experimental variation in the number of connections combined with administrative cost data reveals considerable scale economies, as hypothesized. However, consumer surplus is far less than total costs at all price levels, suggesting that residential electrification may reduce social welfare. The chapter discusses how leakage, reduced demand (due to red tape, low reliability, and credit constraints), and spillovers may impact this conclusion.Based on the findings presented in Chapter 3, a question that follows is whether the gains from extending the grid to rural public facilities, such as secondary schools, are large enough to offset the costs of rural electrification. Chapter 4 presents an analysis on the impact of the rapid rollout of secondary school electricity connections in Western Kenya on the number of students writing the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education examination ("KCSE"), an important indicator for school completion in Kenya. The chapter presents some evidence that school electrification increases the number of KCSE examinees at boarding schools. In contrast, the effect at day schools is much smaller and is not statistically significant. The result suggests that school electrification may have a larger impact at schools where students are more likely to use electric lighting at night.

AbstractTo clarify the polemics surrounding public and private responsibilities in health care, this article deals with the economic justification for the commitment of public resources. Public health measures do possess the properties of public goods or physical externalities, and yet may not have the sufficient conditions for allocating resources by political procedures. To publicly allocate resources to personal health care can only be justified by the properties of informational externalities, or regard for the humanitarian spillovers. Paradoxically, it is precisely in this latter area that a concern about minimum standards has led to a philosophical commitment to achieving maximum standards. The pursuit of such universal standards in the health sector has been the subject of growing disquiet. This dilemma is best resolved by reorientating the role of government towards an analysis of the costs and benefits of present and projected health practices.