Suchergebnisse

Abstract
Although there is ample research on the association between employment and adults' crime, few studies have focused on formerly incarcerated juveniles transitioning to emerging adults, especially studies using panel data. Using data from the Pathways to Desistance Study (N = 1,289) with a group of high-risk emerging adults (ages 18 to 24), this panel analysis addresses the effect of employment on antisocial behavior guided by Laub and Sampson's social bond theory. The results show average weeks worked for the sample is below 26 weeks per year at each time point, indicating low levels of labor market participation. A fixed effects model using a structural equation modeling approach confirms that those with more work are significantly likely to decrease antisocial behavior. Consistent with previous studies, individuals with more substance use and gang involvement are positively associated with antisocial behavior. The article concludes with a discussion of the role of employment and emerging adults.

For effective financial management, social work managers must clearly grasp the relationship between government grants and private contributions, which is frequently characterized as crowding-out effects. Crowding-out effects have been investigated for various types of nonprofits in the U.S., and the results have been mixed. In spite of its popularity in nonprofit research, the theory has not been applied to nonprofits serving minority communities. This is the first pilot crowding-out study looking at East Asian nonprofit organizations, including Chinese, Korean, and Japanese-American nonprofits in the NY and NJ metropolitan area (n = 410). Through a panel analysis, the current study found a significant crowding-in effect for donations to East Asian-American nonprofits (p < .01). The relationship between government grants and private giving was different for each East Asian-American nonprofit organization. Particularly, donors of Chinese and Japanese-American nonprofit organizations donated more money when their charities received more government grants (p < .05). In contrast, we found crowding-out effects for Korean-American nonprofit organizations, but the result was not significant (p > .05). The estimated crowding-in effects of government grants on private giving by each of the East Asian countries were explicated based on each country's social, political, and cultural background such as the quality of the charity, transparency, and political trust. Social work managers in ethnic nonprofit organizations should establish different strategies to help shape donor giving patterns according to the effect of government grants.

Abstract
The present study utilised the social determinants of health (SDH) framework to see whether indicators of the framework have an impact on anxiety and depression of people living in rural Black Belt communities in Alabama. Data from a convenient sample of 159 African-Americans aged 18 or older were from two sites in rural Alabama. The levels of anxiety and depression were measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ9). Multiple linear regression model was used to examine the association between SDH and anxiety and depression level of participants. The mean PHQ9 score of participants was 5.57 out of twenty-seven. Four SDH were significantly related to PHQ9 levels amongst participants: participants with higher food insecurity scores, higher transportation needs and higher threats to interpersonal safety tended to have higher scores in PHQ9. Moreover, health literacy levels were negatively associated with PHQ9 scores amongst participants. Our study highlights understanding SDH specifically for residents in rural communities that are socially and culturally isolated is important for developing preventive approaches that enhance access to mental health treatments. A comprehensive public health policy that incorporates our study findings is needed for the rural areas of the USA.