Suchergebnisse

In the aftermath of World War II, Australia undertook domestic trials of suspected Japanese war criminals between 1945 and 1951. This article focuses on Australia's war crimes trial of Lieutenant-General Nishimura as held at the Los Negros court in mid-June 1950, and the subsequent petitioning period and confirmation process. The Australian war crimes courts were military courts vested with broad discretionary powers that facilitated the expeditious trials of accused. The procedure of war crimes courts differed from that of field general courts-martial in two main areas: admissible evidence and sentencing range — and this article highlights concomitant problems arising during the trial and subsequent case on review. This article examines the prosecution of the case entirely on documentary evidence; the impact of low admissibility thresholds for evidence; issues regarding the voluntariness and reliability of witness evidence; and the option of capital punishment in the Nishimura trial.

The article seeks to explore the significance of class membership among young people in the so-called internet age. Internet access and use in Britain has remained by and large concentrated in wealthier households, underlining, at an aggregate level, a clear link between individuals' socio-economic background and their use of the internet.A somewhat contradictory statement emerges, however, from recent claims made by techno-enthusiasts, and apparently young people themselves, about the existence of a digital generation.This generational label suggests that young people today are, irrespective of their background, growing up with a sense of digital expertise, where class boundaries have become obscured. The article discusses this apparent contradiction, based on a study of young internet users.The findings suggest that, while class boundaries can be affected by internet use, the impact of this use remains nonetheless short lived and unlikely to significantly impinge on young people's social mobility in the future.

The article explores critical factors involved in the interaction of society and technology, by considering processes and outcomes of Internet use and practices by teenagers. Drawing on empirical work in four Brighton (UK) schools with distinctive social, cultural and economic characteristics, a model of analysis is developed in which key structural and personal situations reveal the complexity in the co-construction of users and technology. On a base level, an important aspect of this complexity emerges from young people's changing social and institutional contexts of use (such as the home and the school), social biographies and life trajectories. On another level, reflections are made on the temporal nature of such patterns or discussions, because of wider technological, cultural and social changes and developments. Significantly therefore, much emphasis is placed on the limitations of particular units of analysis in the study of young people and technologies, as these are seen as far too reductive and too deterministic, calling for methodological approaches that allow greater flexibility in the research of fluid and complex phenomena.

It has been noted for some time now that the field of technology as an area of work, has been, and continues to be gender imbalanced and gender stratified This persistent trend has led to a growing body of theorisation and to the (re‐) evaluations of the inter relationship between gender and technology. It is beyond the scope of this article to review the rich theoretical work on gender and technol ogy, and instead the "essentialist" and "constructivist" approaches are briefly discussed here, since they offer a useful frame work within which to look at the case study policy of this article. This policy, as will be shown in the following sections, adopts an "essentialist" stance by seeing women's under‐representation as resulting from gendered technologies and the obduracy of masculine values associated with technology, and by focusing on girls' interests as distinct from those of boys. It adopts at the same time a "constructivist" approach through the strategy's ability to reshape technology through girls'/women's wider appropriation and use of technology, whereby technology is seen as socially constructed . Before exploring this dualism in more detail, it is helpful to develop a little the theoretical foundations of essentialism and constructivism.

ch. 1. Repressing the body -- ch. 2. Interrogating philosophy : the bared breasts incident -- ch. 3. "The most forgotten alien land" : Adorno's essay on Kafka -- ch. 4. Feminist negative dialectics : dialectical materialism and the "transfigured body".

"Public health surveillance is the systematic, ongoing assessment of the health of a community, based on the collection, interpretation, and use of health data. Surveillance provides information necessary for public health decision making and interventions. In the third edition of Principles and Practice of Public Health Surveillance, the editors present an organized approach to planning, developing, and implementing public health surveillance systems in response to the rapidly changing field of public health. Substantially revised and expanded on, this edition continues to examine the expansion of surveillance of disease and health determinants, as well as the recent advances in data management and informatics. Major sections of the book focus on bioresponse and preparedness, risk behaviors, and environmental exposure, while the ethical considerations and policy justification for public health surveillance are also explored." "Drawing largely from the experience of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and other experts in the field, this book provides an excellent framework that collectively improves the surveillance foundation of public health. It will continue to serve as the standard text in the field, an invaluable resource for public health students and the desk reference for public health practitioners."--BOOK JACKET

Looking at the literal and metaphorical ways that bread manifests itself in different aspects of Jane Addams's life and work, this essay maps out a new way of thinking about Addams's unapologetic humanist project and efforts for peace that crossed boundaries of state and nation, gender, race, and class. The research for this work was inspired by a vibrant public program at the Jane Addams Hull‐House Museum called Re‐Thinking Soup, which is a modern day soup kitchen, democratic forum, laboratory space, and museum exhibit that is held weekly in the Residents' Dining Hall, one of the original buildings of the Hull‐House Settlement. The essay explores the ways that Addams's legacy and the work at Hull‐House around food can inform, educate, and expand the horizon of our imaginations on critical contemporary issues of social justice.

The implementation of housing allowances is an integral part of Russia's programme of systematic rent increases on state and municipal rental units which began in 1994. Because housing allowances constitute the country's first income-tested programme, its performance transcends the housing sector. Rents are being increased in steps to cover full operating costs by the beginning of the next century. The first increases were modest in real terms, and a housing allowance programme was to be operational in each city when rents rose. This paper reports the results of an initial assessment of the programme in two cities. The assessment focuses on the extent to which income-eligible households know about the programme, their participation rates and their experience in becoming recipients. Survey results show quite low but increasing participation rates and knowledge about the programme. While both are in part explainable by the low average benefit levels at this stage in the programme of rent increases, they also clearly call for greater effort by local and national administrations to inform the population.

This report investigates the labour and social aspects of sugarcane plantations throughout the world, focusing on plantations in Latin and Central America. These findings are then weighed against the labour policies of the Canadian Wheat Board (CWB) in preparing wheat paper. Additionally, the labour and social practices of India's largest sugarcane paper mill, as well as the world's three largest wheat producers, were analyzed to provide a base index to compare labour rights against. The goal is to produce a recommendation to UBC about investing in TreeZero sugarcane bagasse paper, made from sugarcane harvested in Colombia. For this, publications of major third party observers of the sugarcane industry, as well as the United Nations, were aggregated and analyzed in order to identify the issues that face workers in these nations, as well what policies the local governments have enacted to combat and mitigate these issues. After investigating the issue, it became evident that Colombian workers, as well as workers in the region's most prolific sugarcane producing nations, are subjected to inhumane treatment, including, but not limited to, slavery, violence, insufficient wages, negative working conditions, human trafficking and child labour. Despite pledges to improve the situation, policies have led to hit and miss results, and their enforcement is marred with a lack of systematic application and corruption; no nation has produced a comprehensive set of laws and enforcement protocols that protect workers from abuse and mistreatment. In the Canadian wheat sector, social sustainability is considered one of the top priorities of the CWB and Canada's Government. Even with the removal of CWB's monopsony, the CWB is now working as a voluntary system to partner with the Canadian Government to increase social sustainability for the farmers. Our recommendation is therefore to continue with the wheat paper pilot program at UBC, and to specifically ask for Canadian made wheat paper. If sugarcane is to be used as a sustainable option, further investigation into the social sustainability of TreeFrog's supply chain needs to be conducted to ensure that all suppliers meet workplace standards, through third party observers such as Ethical Sugar and the AFL-CIO. Disclaimer: "UBC SEEDS provides students with the opportunity to share the findings of their studies, as well as their opinions, conclusions and recommendations with the UBC community. The reader should bear in mind that this is a student project/report and is not an official document of UBC. Furthermore readers should bear in mind that these reports may not reflect the current status of activities at UBC. We urge you to contact the research persons mentioned in a report or the SEEDS Coordinator about the current status of the subject matter of a project/report." ; Applied Science, Faculty of ; Unreviewed ; Undergraduate